RESUMO -A interferência das plantas daninhas nos sistemas agroflorestais varia com a espécie e a densidade de infestação da planta daninha. Este trabalho foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, em monocultivo de cupuaçuzeiro e pupunheira e em sistema agroflorestal (SAF) com estas duas espécies. Havia seis espécies de monocotiledôneas e 15 de dicotiledôneas, e as cinco famílias com maior número de espécies, em ordem decrescente, foram Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Cyperaceae e Verbenaceae. As espécies Desmodium incanun, Cyperus rotundus, Clidemia sp. e Spermacoce verticillata ocorreram nos três cultivos. O maior coeficiente de similaridade de plantas daninhas ocorreu entre os cultivos de cupuaçuzeiro e pupunheira (54,5%) e o menor entre o sistema agroflorestal e a pupunha (32,0%). Quanto à freqüência, Stachytarpheta cayennensis apresentou 33% de freqüência na área de SAF; Eclipta alba, 44% de freqüência na área de cultivo de cupuaçuzeiro e na área de cultivo de pupunheira; e D. incanun, C. rotundus e Clidemia sp. apresentaram 44% de freqüência.Palavras-chave: freqüência, abundância, similaridade, agrofloresta, invasoras. ABSTRACT -The interference of weeds in agro-forestry systems production factors varies according to species and infestation density. This assay was conducted at the Federal University of Amazonas

RESUMO -O estudo da composição da flora de plantas daninhas de uma área ou de uma região agrícola é importante, por identificar a diversidade de espécies e contribuir para recomendação de estratégias de manejo a serem empregadas nos sistemas agrícolas. Palavras-chave: guaranazeiro, fitossociologia, invasoras, freqüência, Amazônia. (Coari, Iranduba, Maués, Presidente Figueiredo and Urucará) ABSTRACT -The study of the floristic composition of weeds of an area or agricultural region is important since it identifies the diversity of species and provides management strategies to be used under various agricultural system conditions. The objective of this work was to identify the floristic composition of weeds occurring in guaraná crops in five counties

-This study has aimed to carry out a phytosociological survey of weeds in different collection periods, in cassava crops of two varieties grown in two consecutive years. The varieties were Pão, of the sweet class, and Racha-terra, of the bitter class. The weeds surveys were performed at 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 224, 252, 280 and 308 days after planting in the experimental units of each variety. For weeds sampling, a sampler with an area of 0.25 m 2 released twice at random in the floor area of the treatments was used. The phytosociological survey quantified 5,708 individuals distributed in 17 families, represented by 32 species, of which 25 were dicotyledonous and seven were monocotyledonous. The most representative families in number of species were Euphorbiaceae and Poaceae, followed by Cyperaceae and Fabaceae. The most important species in the two growing seasons were Axonopus affinis, Mimosa pudica, Spermacoce verticillata and Paspalum multicaule. Other important species of the Poaceae family were Axonopus affinis, Axonopus fissifolius and Homolepis aturensis.Keywords: competition, tillage, Manihot esculenta. 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 224, 252, 280 RESUMO -Este estudo objetivou realizar levantamento fitossociológico de plantas daninhas em diferentes períodos de coleta, em cultivo de duas variedades de mandioca, em dois anos consecutivos. As variedades foram Pão, da classe mansa, e Racha-terra, da classe brava. Os levantamentos das plantas daninhas foram realizados aos

Current orange tree cultivation practices in the Brazilian State of Amazonas present several production problems, being the inadequate weed management the most important one, and significantly affecting fruit productivity. However, if weeds are managed properly, their coexistence with orange cultivars does not affect the fruit yield of orange trees. Thus, the objective of this research was to identify the period of longer weed interference in orange production. The treatments were conducted during the 2013 and 2014 harvests as follows: one control treatment with no coexistence of weeds and crop throughout the growing season; and six periods of coexistence (October to January, February to May, June to September, October to May, October to January, June to September, and February to September). The coexistence of weeds from October to May with orange trees increased the fall of unripe fruits and reduced the yield and the number of oranges per plant. Therefore, this period was considered as the most critical one for the control of weeds in orange trees.

Guarana is a plant native to the Amazon region that produces the fruit known as guarana. Guarana production is carried out by small farmers and is a source of income for thousands of people in rural and urban areas. The interference caused by the competition between weeds and guarana is an important limiting factor of its production. Despite its economic and social importance, there are few studies on the management of weeds in this species. Thus, this research aimed to study the effects of weed interference on guarana yield in different periods. This study was performed in Maués, AM, in the 2014 and 2015 seasons. The experimental design was a randomized block design with eight treatments and four blocks. Treatments consisted of a combination of four different periods of control or coexistence with weeds (March to May, June to August, September to November, and December to February). Weed community was composed of 23 weed species belonging to 12 botanical families, with Paspalum virgatum being the species with the highest importance value index (55.74%). Weed coexistence with guarana from June to August provided the lowest yields (156.16 kg ha-1 of grains) when compared to weed control in the same period (309.05 kg ha-1 of grains). Weed interference from June to August reduced guarana yield by 50%.

-Weeds in pastures can intoxicate animals, and Arrabidaea bilabiata is the most important species for herbivores in floodplain areas in the Amazon Basin. Genetic diversity studies in natural populations may contribute to the better understanding of the range of toxicity and the genetic variability organization in this species. The objective of this study was to assess the variability and genetic structure in six populations of A. bilabiata sampled in floodplain areas in three municipalities of the Amazonas State, from the AFLP markers analysis. AFLP markers were efficient to characterize the genetic variability of the 65 individuals analyzed. From four combinations of oligonucleotides, a total of 309 AFLP fragments was obtained, where 304 (98.38%) were polymorphic. By the dendrogram and Bayesian cluster analysis, there was a formation of two isolated groups, the first one comprising individuals from Autazes municipality and the second one comprising individuals from Itacoatiara and Parintins. However, depending on the method to define the most probable cluster number, there was a separation of the six populations, according to their geographical origin. Mantel test confirmed that geographically closer populations are more akin, although low gene flow (0.538) is observed among the sampled populations. The molecular analysis of variance found that 49.29% of the genetic variability are among individuals inside populations and 50.71% among the populations analyzed. The results indicate the possibility that isolated A. bilabiata populations contain plants with different toxicity levels and suggest a strong adaptability of the species.Keywords: Arrabidaea bilabiata, pasture weeds, poisonous plants, AFLP, genetic diversity. RESUMO -Plantas daninhas de pastagens podem causar intoxicações aos animais, sendo a espécie Arrabidaea bilabiata a mais importante para herbívoros nas regiões de várzea da Bacia Amazônica. Estudos de diversidade genética em populações naturais podem contribuir para o melhor entendimento sobre a variação de toxicidade e a organização da variabilidade genética na espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade e estrutura genética em seis populações de

RESUMO -As áreas inundáveis localizadas na bacia dos rios Amazonas e Solimões são denominadas várzeas. A inundação é um evento natural que promove mudanças na estrutura e composição florística dessas comunidades. O conhecimento da diversidade de espécies é de fundamental importância para o entendimento da dinâmica da regeneração natural de espécies nos ecossistemas amazônicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo levantar a composição florística do solo do fundo do lago do Manaquiri-AM, em um período de seca excepcional, ocorrida em 2005, na Amazônia. Foram realizadas coletas de material botânico em duas áreas do lago, em novembro de 2005; para a amostragem, utilizou-se um quadrado de madeira de 0,36 m 2 , atirado aleatoriamente por 20 vezes em cada local de estudo. A vegetação emergente foi de 5.958 indivíduos, distribuídos em sete famílias e nove espécies. As famílias mais representativas em número de espécies foram Poaceae e Cyperaceae.Cyperus esculentus e Luziola spruceana foram as mais frequentes, e Mimosa pudica e Alternanthera sessilis, as de maior abundância. C. esculentus e M. pudica apresentaram maior número de indivíduos, de densidade e de valor de importância. As espécies de plantas encontradas neste estudo mantiveram sua capacidade de crescer e se desenvolver mesmo após longo período submersas.Palavras-chave: Amazônia, seca, planta daninha.ABSTRACT -The swamps located at the basins of the Amazonas and Solimões rivers are denominated "várzeas". In these areas, flooding is a natural event that changes the structure and composition of the local plants. Thus, knowing the species diversity in these Amazon region areas is extremely important to understand the dynamics of the natural regeneration of the Amazon ecosystem species. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to survey the soil floristic composition at the bottom of the Manaquiri Lake, Amazon, during an exceptional dry period in 2005. Plants were collected in two areas of the lake in November 2005. Flora sampling was carried out using a 0.36 m 2 wood frame, randomly cast 20 times at each site studied. The emergent vegetation at both collection sites was of 5,958 individuals distributed in seven families and nine species. The most representative families in number of species were Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Cyperus esculentus and Luziola spruceana were the most frequent, while Mimosa pudica and Alternanthera sessilis presented the highest abundance. C. esculentus and M. pudica had higher number of individuals, density and value of importance. The plant species found in this study maintained their growing and developing capacity even after being submerged for a long period.

RESUMO -O cupuaçuzeiro Theobroma grandiflorum é uma fruteira típica da Amazônia. O seu fruto, o cupuaçu, é um dos mais populares da região e apresenta crescente aumento de demanda devido às suas características organolépticas e diversidade de uso na agroindústria. O seu cultivo, no entanto, ainda é rústico e a produção é muito afetada pela interferência das plantas daninhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia dos herbicidas alachlor e haloxyfop no controle das plantas daninhas e a seletividade para as leguminosas Mucuna cochinchinensis e Pueraria phaseoloides e para plantas jovens de cupuaçu. O experimento foi instalado no campo, para avaliar o efeito dos herbicidas sobre a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e o índice de área foliar (IAF) das plantas daninhas e das leguminosas e a toxicidade às plantas de cupuaçu. O alachlor, na dose de 4,0 kg ha -1 , reduziu 75,60% da produção de matéria seca e 64,02% do IAF das plantas daninhas, enquanto o haloxyfop, na dose de 0,24 kg ha -1 , inibiu 62,51% do acúmulo de matéria seca e 64,23% do IAF. As leguminosas M. cochinchinensis e P. phaseoloides foram tolerantes aos herbicidas. O haloxyfop, na dose de 0,12 kg ha -1 , estimulou a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e o IAF em 180,15% e 146,68%, respectivamente. Os herbicidas não causaram injúrias às plantas de cupuaçu e às leguminosas e apresentaram controle das plantas daninhas acima de 60%.Palavras-chave: invasoras, fruteira nativa, Theobroma grandiflorum, Amazônia. ABSTRACT -The Cupuassu tree Theobroma grandflorum is a typical Amazonian plant. Its fruit, the cupuassu, is one of the most popular fruits in the region with an increasing demand due to its organoleptic characteristics and multi use by the agro industry. Its cultivation, however, is still very rudimentar and its production is highly affected by weeds. The objective of this