Abstract. On 16–17 February 2020, dust within a Saharan Air Layer (SAL) from western Africa moved over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Satellite imagery and products from ABI on GOES-16, VIIRS on NOAA-20, and CALIOP on CALIPSO along with retrieved values of layer and total precipitable water (TPW) from MiRS and NUCAPS, respectively, were used to identify dust within the SAL over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Use of various satellite imagery and products were also used to characterize the distribution of water vapor within the SAL. There was a distinct pattern between dust detection and dust masking and values of precipitable water. Specifically, dust was detected when values of layer or TPW were approximately 14 mm; in addition, dust was masked when values of layer or TPW were approximately 28 mm. In other words, water vapor masked infrared dust detection if sufficient amounts of water vapor existed in a column. Results herein provide observational support to two recent numerical studies that concluded water vapor can mask infrared detection of airborne dust.
Abstract. On 16–17 February 2020, dust within the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) from western Africa moved over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Satellite imagery and products from the ABI on GOES-16, VIIRS on NOAA-20, and CALIOP on CALIPSO, along
with retrieved values of layer and total precipitable water (TPW) from MIRS
and NUCAPS, respectively, were used to identify dust within the SAL over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Various satellite imagery and products were also used to characterize the distribution of water vapor within the SAL. There was a distinct pattern between dust detection and dust masking and values of precipitable water. Specifically, dust was detected when values of layer TPW were approximately 14 mm; in addition, dust was masked when values of layer TPW were approximately 28 mm. In other words, water vapor masked infrared dust detection if sufficient amounts of water vapor existed in a column. Results herein provide observational support to two recent numerical studies that concluded water vapor can mask infrared detection of airborne dust.
In the ten years of VIIRS observations, a wide range of applications, both operational and research-based, have been developed, observed, and utilized at the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA). Training efforts to improve operational forecast use and achieve a greater understanding of the unique capabilities of the VIIRS have also been developed to better utilize the new observations made possible. Several unique forecast events, made observable using these novel capabilities of the VIIRS, are detailed. A summary of third-party end-user case studies where VIIRS observations are used for analysis of significant socioeconomic gain, part of a recent CIRA workshop, are also highlighted. Thoughts on the future utility of the VIIRS and VIIRS-like platforms are offered.
RESUMEN La Primera Guerra Mundial fue un conflicto que tuvo lugar entre 1914 y 1918. Debido a la situación interna y en el exterior de España, el rey Alfonso XIII y el presidente Eduardo Dato decidieron mantener a nuestro país neutral. Sin embargo, se consiguió realizar una conducta «humanitariamente activa». Se creó la oficina pro cautivos, se colaboró con el comité internacional de la cruz roja, se enviaron observadores militares (entre ellos oficiales médicos) al frente europeo y se autorizó la asistencia a refugiados alemanes en la Guinea Ecuatorial Española. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la labor realizada por los oficiales médicos españoles desplegados en calidad de observadores en el frente europeo durante la primera guerra mundial, destacando como ejemplo de ellos a los capitanes médicos Mariano Gómez Ulla, Fidel Pagés Miravé y Antonio Vallejo Nágera. Así mismo, se analiza la asistencia sanitaria prestada a refugiados alemanes en la por entonces colonia española de Guinea durante ese mismo periodo. PALABRAS CLAVE: Medicina militar, primera guerra mundial, observador, Guinea. An unknown history: The spanish military doctors participation in the first world war. SUMMARY: First world war was a conflict that took place between 1914 and 1918. Due to internal and external situation, king Alfonso XIII and the spanish president Eduardo Dato decided keep Spain like a neutral country. However, the spanish position was active from the humanitarian point of view. It was created a pro captives office, Spain collaborated with the international red cross, some military observer were sent to the european frontline and german refugees were attended in Guinea. The aim of the study is to describe the work of the spanish medical officers deployed like observers in the european frontline during first world war (i.e Captains Mariano Gómez Ulla, Fidel Pagés Miravé and Antonio Vallejo Nágera). We have analized too, the health care provided to german refugees in Guinea (in those days Spanish colonie) during the same period.
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