Background
Bone mineral deficits are one of the most common complications in cancer survivors. However, there are no studies evaluating bone mineral density (BMD) and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among patients with different types of cancers.
Aim
The objective was to assess BMD and evaluate the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among US adults with cancer.
Design
A cross-section propensity score matching study.
Methods
We extracted data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database from 2005 to 2018. We compared BMD in participants with and without cancer which was further analyzed according to cancer type. We conducted logistic regression to evaluate adjusted odds ratios of osteopenia and osteoporosis and determine risk factors for their development.
Results
We found that BMD was significantly higher in participants without cancer than cancer patients. Furthermore, the median BMD of patients with breast cancer or skin cancer (including melanoma) was significantly lower than participants without cancer. People with breast, lung, genitourinary and skin cancers were more likely to incur osteopenia/osteoporosis than those without cancer.
Conclusions
BMD differs depending upon type in survivors. Individuals with a history of cancer have a poor understanding of osteoporosis and its risk factors. Understanding risk factors in patients with cancers identified in our study may be helpful for preventing osteoporosis and fractures and the development of screening guidelines.
Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites were modified with a borate sol-gel precursor by a novel process integrating sol-gel and solvothermal processes in order to improve the low temperature antioxidation properties of the C/C composites. Results show that the surface of the modified composites is covered by a molten B 2 O 3 layer, and the oxidation resistance of the composites is improved with the extension of solvothermal time increasing from 12 to 48 h. After oxidation at 600uC for 6 h, the oxidation rates of the modified C/C composites are gradually decreased. The mass loss of the modified C/C composites at 600uC is due to the diffusion of oxygen along the molten B 2 O 3 layer and the vaporisation of a small amount of B 2 O 3 .
Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites were modified by a hydrothermal treatment using phosphoric acid solution, B 4 C, SiC and Al 2 O 3 powders as infiltration fillers. The influence of the hydrothermal treatment temperature on the phase, microstructure and anti-oxidation property of the as modified composites was investigated. The phase composition and microstructure of the modified composites before and after oxidation were characterised by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques. Results show that the oxidation resistance of the C/C composites is effectively improved after modified by the hydrothermal treatment. The mass loss of the C/C composites modified at different hydrothermal temperatures increases parabolicly with increased oxidation time, while the relationship between hydrothermal temperature and mass loss of the modified C/C composites after oxidation at 700uC for 10 h reveals a linear dependence. The mass loss of the modified C/C composites is only 3?69610 23 g cm 22 , which is much lower than 141?55610 23 g cm 22 of the non-modified C/C composites, after oxidised at 700uC in air for 10 h.
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