Experiments have shown that metals can be electrothinned and electrodeposited more uniformly if the electrolysis is performed in a magnetic field. In addition, the resistance of electrolytic cells is reduced in a magnetic field. These effects have been characterized for various orientations and strengths of the electric and magnetic fields.In an earlier, preliminary report, some results were presented to show that the application of magnetic fields during electrolysis increases the uniformity of anodic dissolution of metals (1). These studies have been continued in order to investigate both anode and cathode processes for additional orientations and strengths of the electric fields (E) and magnetic fields (B) and other types of electrodes and electrolytes. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the circuit used for electrolysis. The constant current device was used to compensate automatically for changes in resistance of the electrolytic cell. In this way it was possible to maintain constant current during electrolysis and thus to follow the changes in cell resistance by means of the voltage-time recorder. The cell with the electrode arrangement used for the initial electrothinning experiments is shown in Fig. 2. Later experiments were performed with a plate disk cathode, shown in Fig. 3, which also shows the schematic positioning of the electrolytic cell between the polepieces of the 4 in. electromagnet, used for all experiments. Still other Key words: electrothinning, eleetrodeposition, magnetic fields. experiments were performed with a 19 mm ID cylindrical cathode surrounding the sample (anode). Experimental Methods and ResultsExperiments with the cell of Fig. 2 on A1-3.4 atomic per cent (a/o) Zn were performed at various applied magnetic field strengths in order to determine the minimum B required to produce relatively large electron-transparent films. As previously described (1), the 0.1 mm thick samples used for these experiments were in the solution-treated and air-cooled condition. The electrolyte consisted of 33 volume per cent (v/o) conc HNO3 and 67 v/o methyl alcohol. This was cooled to --13~ prior to each experiment. Current was maintained at 0.075A during every experiment. Thus, the initial current density was approximately the same for all experiments (about 0.25 A/cm2). No insulating lacquer was used for edge protection during electrolysis. After electrothining, profiles were obtained by mounting the samples on clear glass in the object plane of a photographic enlarger and recording the patterns of transmitted light on printing paper.The results obtained with B of increasing strength applied normal to the plane of the sample are shown in Fig. 4. Without an applied B, thinning is concentrated at the air-electrolyte interface, and perforation first occurs here. Application of B during the process lowers the air-electrolyte interface and causes the POTENTIAL SOURCE m I ,-I CA) I RECORDER J CONSTANT CURRENT DEVICE VOLTAGE DIVIDER 8.5 VOJ.TS 4-4 VOLTS ~ OUTPUT Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the circuit used for ...
A source of confusion has existed since the turn of the century about the reddish brown, weakly birefringent "sphaerocrystals" located in the intestines of strongyle nematodes, Strongylus and Ancylostoma. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectrometric analyses were used for accurate determination of the crystalline order and elemental composition of the granules in the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. The composition of the intestinal pigmented granules was identified unequivocally as zinc sulfide. It seems most probable that the granules serve to detoxify high levels of metallic ions (specifically zinc) present due to the large intake of host blood.
Hydrogen loading of 99.98% pure natural uranium foils (0.18 mm thick) was performed by aqueous electrolysis in order to compare with glow discharge results. Alpha, beta, and gamma specific radioactivity were measured after hydrogen loading and compared with the control. Some of the samples revealed an increase of the specific radioactivity of up to 20%. Gamma ray spectroscopy was also performed on the samples. Results reveal an increase of the specific counts for the peaks of Th234 and U235 and a decrease in the U Kα1 characteristic x-ray peak. The surface topography changed from granular before electrolysis to pitted afterward. The thorium concentration increased slightly after electrolysis compared with the original material. In summary, this work in progress reveals that loading hydrogen into uranium increases the uranium decay rate, in agreement with the glow discharge results.
Palladium was co-deposited with hydrogen isotopes on a Pd cathode. This resulted in enhanced production of excess thermal power. After electrolysis the Pd Lβ / L αratio was found to be increased in characteristic x-ray spectra from localized, microscopic areas on the surface of the Pd cathode. This suggests the possibility that appreciable amounts of silver are present in these areas.
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