Involving the Generation of Two Bonds 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Formation of the NÀC 2 and C 3 ÀC 4 Bonds 5.2.1. DielsÀAlder Related Reactions 5.2.2. Tandem Michael AdditionÀCyclization Sequence 5.2.3. Miscellaneous Reactions 5.3. Formation of the NÀC 2 and C 4 ÀC 4a Bonds 5.3.1. Michael Addition Initiated Reactions 5.3.2. Miscellaneous Reactions 5.4. Formation of the NÀC 2 and C 2 ÀC 3 Bonds 5.5. Formation of the C 2 ÀC 3 and C 3 ÀC 4 Bonds 5.6. Formation of the C 2 ÀC 3 and C 4 ÀC 4a Bonds 5.7. Formation of the C 3 ÀC 4 and C 4 ÀC 4a Bonds 5.8. Formation of the C 8a ÀN and C 4 ÀC 4a Bonds 5.9. Formation of the NÀC 2 and C 8a ÀN Bonds 6. Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinolines Involving the Generation of Three or More Bonds 6.1. Formation of the NÀC 2 , C 2 ÀC 3 , and C 4 ÀC 4a Bonds: The Povarov and Related Reactions

Pyrrole is one of the most important one-ring heterocycles. The ready availability of suitably substituted and functionalized pyrrole derivatives is essential for the progress of many branches of science, including biology and materials science. Access to this key heterocycle by multicomponent routes is particularly attractive in terms of synthetic efficiency, and also from the environmental point of view. We update here our previous review on this topic by describing the progress made in this area in the period between mid-2009 and the end of 2013.

Multicomponent reactions are one of the most interesting concepts in modern synthetic chemistry and, as shown in this critical review, they provide an attractive entry into pyrrole derivatives, which are very important heterocycles from many points of view including medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry and materials science (97 references).

Tetrahydroquinoline is one of the most important simple nitrogen heterocycles, being widespread in nature and present in a broad variety of pharmacologically active compounds. This Review summarizes the progress achieved in the chemistry of tetrahydroquinolines, with emphasis on their synthesis, during the period from mid-2010 to early 2018.

Brain amyloid depositions are the main hallmarks of Alzheimer's and other protein misfolding diseases. Since they are believed to precede clinical symptoms by several years, imaging of such fibrillar aggregates is particularly suitable to diagnose the onset of the disease in its early stage and monitor its progression. In this context, near infrared (NIR) imaging has been proposed as a promising and non-invasive method to visualize amyloid plaques in vivo because of its acceptable depth of penetration and minimal degree of tissue damage. In this tutorial review, we describe the main chemical and physicochemical features of probes associated with fluorescence emission in the NIR region. The review focuses on the recent progress and improvements in the development of small-molecule NIR fluorescent probes and their in vivo application in living animals. In addition, the possible therapeutic application of NIR probes to block the pathological aggregation process will be discussed, raising the fascinating possibility of their exploitation as theranostic agents.

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Multicomponent reactions promoted by mechanical energy are critically reviewed.

The AFP model could be useful in Latin-American countries to better select patients for LT in subgroups presenting with extended criteria. However, particular attention should be focused on patients with HBV.