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Soil water content (θ) and bulk density (ρ s ) greatly influence important soil and plant processes, such as water movement, soil compaction, soil aeration, and plant root system development. Spatial and temporal variability of θ and ρ s during different periods of the year and different phases of crops are of fundamental interest. This work involves the characterization of spatial and temporal patterns of θ and ρ s during different climatic periods of year, aiming to verify whether there are significant temporal changes in ρ s at the soil surface layer when submitted to wetting and drying cycles. The field experiment was carried out in a coffee plantation, Rhodic Kandiudalf soil, clayey texture. Using a neutron/gamma surface probe, θ and ρ s were measured meter by meter along a 200 m spatial transect, along an interrow contour line. During the wet period there was no difference of spatial patterns of θ while during the dry period differences were observed, and can be associated to precipitation events. It was also observed that there are ρ s temporal changes at the soil surface along the studied period as a consequence of the in situ wetting and drying cycles. Key words: neutron/gamma surface probe, wetting/drying cycles, spatial and temporal variability PADRÕES ESPACIAL E TEMPORAL DE MUDANÇAS DA UMIDADE E DENSIDADE DO SOLO NO CAMPORESUMO: Umidade (θ) e densidade do solo (ρ s ) influenciam importantes processos no solo e planta tais como: movimento de água, compactação do solo, aeração do solo e desenvolvimento radicular. Baseado neste fato, questões referentes à variabilidade espacial e temporal de θ e ρ s para diferentes períodos do ano e diferentes fases de desenvolvimento da cultura do café tornam-se de extremo interesse. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar padrões espaciais e temporais de θ e ρ s durante diferentes períodos do ano e verificar se existem mudanças temporais significativas de ρ s na superfície do solo quando submetida a ciclos de umedecimento/secagem. O experimento foi conduzido em campo cultivado com café em um solo classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho Eutrófico. O experimento iniciou-se em maio de 2001 com espaçamento de 1,75 m entre linhas e 0,75 m entre plantas. Medidas de θ e ρ s foram feitas metro a metro ao longo de 200 m usando uma sonda de superfície nêutron/gama. Durante o período úmido não houve padrões de diferença espacial para θ, enquanto que para o período seco o contrário foi observado. Estes padrões podem ser associados a eventos de precipitação alterando a estrutura de correlação espacial para observações adjacentes de θ. Para ρ s existem mudanças temporais na superfície do solo ao longo do período estudado como uma conseqüência dos ciclos de umedecimento/secagem no campo. Palavras-chave: sonda de superfície nêutron/gama, ciclos de umedecimento/secagem, variabilidade espacial e temporal

Establishing field water balances is difficult and costly, the variability of their components being the major problem to obtain reliable results. This component variability is presented herein for a coffee crop grown in the Southern Hemisphere, on a tropical soil with 10% slope. It was observed that: rainfall has to be measured with an appropriate number of replicates; irrigation can introduce great variability into calculations; evapotranspiration, calculated as a remainder of the water balance equation, has exceedingly high coefficients of variation; the soil water storage component is the major contributor in error propagation calculations to estimate evapotranspiration; and that runoff can be satisfactorily controlled on the 10% slope through crop management practices. Key words: component variability, rainfall, evapotranspiration, soil water storage VARIABILIDADE DOS COMPONENTES DO BALANÇO HÍDRICO DE UMA CULTURA DE CAFÉ NO BRASILRESUMO: O estabelecimento de balanços hídricos no campo é difícil e dispendioso, sendo a variabilidade de seus componentes o maior problema para se obter resultados confiáveis. Esta variabilidade dos componentes é aqui apresentada para uma cultura de café desenvolvida no hemisfério sul, em um solo tropical com 10% de declividade. Foi observado que a chuva deve ser medida com número apropriado de repetições; a irrigação pode introduzir grande variabilidade dos cálculos; a evapotranspiração calculada a partir da equação do balanço hídrico tem coeficientes de variação muito altos; o componente armazenamento de água no solo é o que mais contribui na propagação dos erros; e que a enxurrada pode ser satisfatoriamente controlada nesse declive de 10% por meio de práticas de manejo. Palavras-chave: variabilidade dos componentes, chuva, evapotranspiração, armazenamento de água

The state-space approach is used to describe surface soil water content and temperature behaviour, in a field experiment in which sugarcane is submitted to different management practices. The treatments consisted of harvest trash mulching, bare soil, and burned trash, all three in a ratoon crop, after first cane harvest. One transect of 84 points was sampled, meter by meter, covering all treatments and borders. The state-space approach is described in detail and the results show that soil water contents measured along the transect could successfully be estimated from water content and temperature observations made at the first neighbour. Key words: soil water, soil temperature, state-space, transect A ABORDAGEM DE ESTADO-ESPAÇO NA ANÁLISE DO CONTEÚDO DE ÁGUA E TEMPERATURA DO SOLO EM UMA CULTURA DE CANA RESUMO: Para estudar o comportamento do conteúdo de água e da temperatura na camada superficial do solo, a abordagem "state-space" foi empregada em dados obtidos em uma cultura de cana submetida à práticas distintas de manejo. Os tratamentos constaram de cobertura morta com palha (e ponteiros), solo nu e palha queimada, todos no início da primeira soca. As amostragens foram realizadas em uma transeção de 84 pontos, metro a metro, cobrindo todos os tratamentos e bordaduras. A metodologia "state-space" é descrita em detalhe e os resultados mostram que o conteúdo de água no solo pode ser estimado com sucesso a partir de dados de conteúdo de água e de temperatura observados no primeiro vizinho. Palavras-chave: água no solo, temperatura do solo, estado-espaço, transeção

The change in management practices of the sugarcane crop in Brazil, from the traditional trash burning before harvest to the new practice that leaves harvest residues on the field after harvest, can lead to alterations in the water regime and also in soil compaction levels. In this study a neutron-gamma surface gauge was used to monitor spatial and temporal variabilities of soil moisture and density in a experimental sugarcane area submitted to 3 harvest management practices: (i) mulched crop with harvest residues, (ii) crop with bare inter-row, and (iii) crop with ash residues from trash burning before harvest. Variability of soil water content and bulk density was studied using geostatistical tools and analysis of variance was used to compare averages. Autocorrelations and semivariograms indicate a spatial dependence of soil water contents, which were higher in the presence of trash residues left on the soil surface after harvest. The average difference between treatments (i) and (ii) was about of 15%, indicating the beneficial mulching effect with respect to soil water retention. Differences between (ii) and (iii) were much smaller.

Among the methods used to measure soil bulk density, the following have been prominent: paraffin sealed clod (PS), volumetric ring (VR), and the modern methods like gamma ray computed tomography (GCT) and the neutron/gamma surface gauge (SG). The objective of this work was to compare soil bulk density values obtained through these methods, with the aim of assisting researchers on the choice of the more appropriate method. For this, a 200-m spatial transect was chosen in an experimental area cultivated with coffee, belonging to ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The SG readings were first taken in the field and thereafter soil samples were collected at 8 different points, spaced at 25 m, for the other methods. The lowest values of soil bulk density were obtained for the SG method (average 1.468 g/cm 3 ) and the highest for the PS (average 1.685 g/cm 3 ), which was similar to the GCT method (average 1.684 g/cm 3 ). The average soil bulk density for the VR method, which has been used in soil science as a standard method, was 1.544 g/cm 3 . The Tukey test indicates that the PS and GCT methods do not differ significantly (P > 0.05). They do differ in comparison with VR and SG, which also do not differ among themselves.Additional keywords: soil bulk density, computed tomography method, surface gauge method, volumetric ring method, paraffin sealed clods method.

Results of an organic matter management experiment of a sugar cane crop are reported for the first cropping year. Sugar cane was planted in October 1997, and labeled with a 15 N fertilizer pulse to study the fate of organic matter in the soil-plant system. A nitrogen balance is presented, partitioning the system in plant components (stalk, tip and straw), soil components (five soil organic matter fractions) and evaluating leaching losses. The 15 N label permitted to determine, at the end of the growing season, amounts of nitrogen derived from the fertilizer, present in the above mentioned compartments.

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