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SUMMARYA two noded, straight element which includes shear deformation effects is presented and shown to be extremely efficient in the analysis of axisyrnrnetric shells. A single point of numerical integration is essential for its success when applied to thin shells where the results compare favourably with those achieved with more complex curved elements.
Deals with an approximate, but very simple, method of finding the minimum of structural weight under static loads. The design consists of assigning an appropriate rolled profile, from a given catalogue, to each structural member. The design is then formulated as a discrete structural optimization problem. The structure may be subjected to an arbitrary number of constraints imposed on stresses and structural material from members with the least stress. Presented examples are showing that the problems with k0 catalogue elements, and j0 structural members, including k0 to the power j0 combinations, can be solved with k0j0 analyses only. The knowledge needed to solve the problem is limited to structural analysis.
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