In this paper, we summarize our experiences as advisors supervising biomedical engineering design projects in the design backbone of our curriculum, the six-semester design course sequence required for all biomedical engineering majors at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
In this Activity, students learn about special papers that use microencapsulation-such as grocery store receipts, carbonless lab notebooks, and some questionnaires-that they encounter every day. Students will perform a hands-on exploration of three-part carbonless copy paper, learning about the paper through their own personal observations. BackgroundNearly everyone has filled out a carbonless copy form. You write on one sheet, yet two, three, or more copies are produced. The technology of how carbonless copy paper works is the basis for this activity. The "secret" is that dye precursors coat the back of one paper sheet and the color developer (which changes the reactant from colorless to colored) coats the front of the next paper sheet. A microcapsule (3-8 µm diam, usually made of gelatin) houses the dye precursor, preventing the dye from turning color until mechanical force from a pencil or pen breaks open the microcapsule. (See ref 1 for animation.) The dye precursor generally reacts with acid to go from colorless to colored (2). Crystal violet lactone is a common precursor: upon reaction with acid, its phthalide bond breaks, changing the molecule's hybridization from sp 3 (tetrahedral) to sp 2 (planar) resulting in color formation (2, 3). The color developer is usually a clay (e.g., bentonite or attapulgite), which tends to produce hydrogen ions (3). For three-part carbonless copy paper the middle sheet is coated on both sides: the front with color developer, the back with microcapsules. A third sheet will be coated on the front with color developer. This pattern can continue to create many copies. In an analogous use, microcapsules are being tried to target medicine to certain diseased cells. For instance, in typical cancer treatment, toxic drugs are given that harm many cells in the body, leading to negative side effects (e.g., hair loss, and tingly, painful fingers). Targeting a drug to affect only cancer cells saves patients from many negative side effects. Integrating the Activity into Your CurriculumThis activity introduces encapsulation, specifically showing students how microencapsulation works and how it is useful for making identical copies without a photocopy machine. Students can discuss further applications for this technology and explore other ways this technology is used, such as in medicines (4) and scratch-and-sniff stickers.
Traditional science classroom activities rely on topics and experiments that are distant from the forefront of scientific research. As a result, students may view science as stagnant and far removed from real life. Through a National Science Foundation-funded Research Experiences for Teachers (RET) program, the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) works with secondary teachers to transform cutting-edge research in nanoscale science and engineering into curriculum that is appropriate for middle-and high-school classrooms. This benefits everyone involved: teachers learn about innovative science and the process of research; UW MRSEC personnel learn about science education and the state of today's schools; and students get to test and engage with new curriculum about breakthrough research. In the summer of 2004, our RET participants conducted research on and developed curriculum about "smart" papers with microencapsulation technology, fuel cells, nano biosensors and liquid crystals, glassy metals, and Wells polyhedral models.
Her research experience include cellular molecular mechanics, transdermal drug delivery, and biomimetic microfluidics. She has developed and taught a senior capstone engineering, a new course in bionanotechnology engineering, and an advanced biomaterials course at Duke. She formerly directed NSF-funded Internships in Public Science Education program as a part of the Interdisciplinary Education Group of the
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