The characteristics of electroless copper plating on different substrates of TiN/SiO 2 /Si, Cu seed /Ta/SiO 2 /Si, and Cu seed /TaN/SiO 2 /Si have been investigated. Continuous copper films with good surface morphology are obtained, and hydrogen-induced blister formation is inhibited by optimizing plating solution and conditions. Surface roughness of the electrolessly plated copper films increases with increasing film thickness, and the average roughness is 11 nm at a film thickness of 1 m on Cu seed /TaN/SiO 2 /Si substrate. Conformal copper deposition with excellent step coverage completely fills deep subquarter-micrometer features of high aspect ratios up to five. Copper growth orientation depends on the underlayer structure. A copper film with strong (111) texture is plated on the (111) textured copper seed layer of Cu seed /TaN/SiO 2 /Si substrate, while no preferred orientation is found on the other substrates. After thermal annealing at 400ЊC in N 2 /H 2 for 1 h, Cu(111) texture is enhanced in all systems. By thermal annealing, defects in the plated copper are reduced, and the electrical resistivity of the plated copper is lowered to 1.75 ⍀ cm at room temperature.

The catalyzation of TaN/SiO 2 /Si substrates was carried out by immersion in SnCl 2 /HCl and PdCl 2 /HCl solutions for electroless Cu deposition. The sizes and morphologies of the catalytic sites on the TaN layers were found to be a function of catalyzation conditions, including solution temperature, immersion time, and the surface oxides. The appropriate formula for catalyzation was obtained by considering both the quality and efficiency. The catalytic sites were composed of Sn and Pd, and the ratio of Sn/Pd was about 1.3. During electroless Cu deposition on the catalyzed TaN/SiO 2 /Si substrates, Cu nuclei first formed at the catalytic sites in the early stage, gradually agglomerated into dense islands, and finally merged to continuous deposition films. The Cu films were uniformly and smoothly deposited with a surface roughness of 6.2 nm under a film thickness of 210 nm. The lowest electrical resistivity of the Cu films was 2.5 ⍀ cm, and the residual resistivity contributed to the participation of Sn-Pd catalyst and internal defects. Good gap-filling capability of electroless Cu deposition on Sn/Pd catalyzed, patterned substrates exhibited its high potential to act as a seed layer for Cu electrodeposition and even to completely fill submicrometer gaps in ultralarge-scale integrated metallization.Metallization is a critical issue in the production of ultralargescale integrated ͑ULSI͒ circuits. As the size of the devices scales down and chip density highly increases, copper ͑Cu͒ has been proposed as the most reliable interconnect material to replace aluminum because of its significant advantages of low electrical resistivity, low power dissipation, and high resistance to electromigration. 1,2 Recently, Cu deposition by electrochemical methods has received great attention, since high-quality Cu films can be easily obtained at a low deposition temperature and by low tool cost. 3,4 Electroless copper deposition has excellent step-coverage capability for high-aspectratio ͑A.R.͒ gaps and can be used either to produce the seed layer for copper electrodeposition or to fill the fine gaps directly. 5-7 Besides, due to the high selectivity, the low processing temperatures, the low cost of raw materials and equipment, and the feasibility, 8 it becomes attractive and is under continuous investigation.However, some problems associated with Cu metallization must be solved, especially, the easy diffusion of Cu into SiO 2 and Si and its poor adhesion to dielectric layers. Therefore, for the successful integration of Cu metallization with integrated circuit ͑IC͒ processes, proper diffusion barrier layers of refractory metals and their nitrides are required to be placed between Cu and either the dielectric layers or the Si substrate to prevent the diffusion of Cu and to improve interfacial adhesion. Tantalum nitride ͑TaN͒, recognized as one of the most promising diffusion barriers for Cu, not only provides high thermal stability, but also has characteristics such as acceptable conductivity and the chemical inactivity with Cu. 9,10...

This work provides various methods for understanding the mechanism of a novel spinel high-entropy oxide (Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Ti0.2)3O4 in energy storage applications.

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In this work, TiO2 deposition on RuO2 nanorods with reactive sputtering was studied. The TiO2 deposition was performed in situ after the RuO2 nanorod deposition at the same substrate temperature of 450 °C. The morphology examination and structure analysis have indicated a uniform and pure rutile TiO2 deposition on RuO2 nanorods. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images also revealed an epitaxial growth of TiO2 on RuO2 nanorods. Such a low-temperature fabrication technique for one-dimensional (1D) heteronanostructure may apply to other functional materials. Since RuO2 is a good electric conductor, 1D heteronanostructures made from RuO2 nanorods are expected to exhibit enhanced functionality particularly in electrical and electrochemical applications.

Ti-doped ZnO nanowires (NWs) were fabricated by thermal evaporation and metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) ion implantation process. The effect of Ti doping on the structure, morphology, and electrical/optical properties of the as-grown NWs was investigated. The fraction of Ti doping was estimated to be 1 at. % to 2 at. % based on energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The x-ray diffraction analyses indicated that Ti-doped ZnO NWs are similar to ZnO NWs in crystal structure, which has been taken to indicate that no titanium oxide phase was produced. Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra taken from the Ti-doped ZnO NWs at room temperature showed two distinct emission peaks, at 374 nm and at 752 nm. Electrical measurements showed that the resistivity of a single ZnO NW decreased from 1.22 × 10−1 Ω cm to 3.5 × 10−2 Ω cm with Ti doping. The semiconducting parameters of bent Ti-doped NWs squeezed between two approaching contacts inside the pole piece of the microscope were determined on the basis of experimentally recorded I–V curves. The approach suggests that one-dimensional nanostructures are suitable for application as optoelectronic devices.

This study presents packaged microscale liquid lenses actuated with liquid droplets of 300-700 m in diameter using the dielectric force manipulation. The liquid microlens demonstrated function focal length tunability in a plastic package. The focal length of the liquid lens with a lens droplet of 500 m in diameter is shortened from 4.4 to 2.2 mm when voltages applied change from 0 to 79 V rms . Dynamic responses that are analyzed using 2000 frames/s high speed motion cameras show that the advancing and receding times are measured to be 90 and 60 ms, respectively. The size effect of dielectric liquid microlens is characterized for a lens droplet of 300-700 m in diameter in an aspect of focal length.

A cell rotation method by using optoelectronic tweezers (OET) is reported. The binary image of a typical OET device, whose light and dark sides act as two sets of parallel plates with different ac voltages, was used to create a rotating electric field. Its feasibility for application to electrorotation of cells was demonstrated by rotating Ramos and yeast cells in their pitch axes. The electrorotation by using OET devices is dependent on the medium and cells' electrical properties, the cells' positions, and the OET device's geometrical dimension, as well as the frequency of the electric field.