Cattle production has a significant contribution to the total GHGs emissions, particularly, CH 4 and N 2 O. Also, other air pollutants, as NH 3 and NMVOC, are emitted. As a European region with significant dairy and beef farms, Galicia (NW of Spain) is suitable to assess the contribution of cattle production to the regional livestock air pollutants emissions (namely, EMEP S10 in SNAP classification), considering up to date activity data. Therefore, the objective of this study is to update the annual emissions by dairy and beef cattle in Galicia, according to the different bottom-up methodologies: IPCC (Tier 1 and Tier 2) and EMEP/CORINAIR. This inventory is compared to both EMEP and E-PRTR emissions inventories: NH 3 cattle emissions are around half of EMEP S10, taking into account that EMEP S10 also includes other agriculture sources. NMVOCs cattle emissions are strongly higher than EMEP S10 emissions; moreover, there is no agreement in this region between S10 EMEP emissions and cattle farms geographical distributions. Besides E-PRTR does not include cattle farms emissions, CH 4 and NH 3 cattle emissions are 900 and 8 times higher than total current E-PRTR declared emissions at the same region: to add cattle farms in E-PRTR activities is highly recommended.
The increment of solar energy production requires an accurate estimation of surface solar irradiance. A forecast of surface solar irradiance allows estimate the energy production, i.e., to minimize the fluctuations in the electric grid supply.In this work a numerical weather forecast model provides surface solar radiation estimations over a coastal region with changeable weather and typically partially cloudy days. As direct model output over specific locations is not always accurate, an ensemble forecast with four members (including time and spatial combinations) is proposed and validated against measurements from three different weather stations in that region, along 1-year.From this validation, statistics show that the best forecast is achieved with the ensemble member obtained by the linear combination of the solar radiation forecasted for the corresponding time (H), one hour before (H-1), and one hour after (H+1). No improvement is obtained by spatial solar radiation combinations. Also, this ensemble forecast provides an estimation of the solar radiation uncertainty, which can be useful to provide flexible energy production forecasts.
Episodes of high tropospheric ozone concentration in the southeast coast of Iberian Peninsula during 2015 were identified together with associated synoptic conditions, and their most probable origins were determined by means of different atmospheric modelling simulations and data analysis. Most of episodes in this study were associated with high pressures and temperatures, not only over the southeast coast but also over the whole southern Iberian region, which are favourable to the ozone photochemical production. The tropospheric ozone levels detected are mainly due to the transport of ozone from the Eastern Iberian coast. However, Atlantic winds through the Strait of Gibraltar also produce recycling over the study region, and locally increase the ozone levels over the southeast coast of the Iberian Peninsula.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.