Since 2008, E-PRTR is the European Emissions and Transfer Register of Pollutants, which was set to accomplish the UNECE Aarhus Convention about the information, public participation in decisions and access to the judgement in environmental issues. This pollutants emissions inventory follows a methodology based in the imperative declaration of emissions into the atmosphere and to water by the potential sources, included in the Directive 96/61/CE. As a consequence, the accuracy of this inventory depends on the information declared by the sources. In this work, a systematic methodology to validate the declared emissions was designed and applied to the Galician region. This methodology is based in a data structure of plant/activity-process-sourcepollutant, that is, a flowsheeting analysis of every plant was developed in order to associate each process to each source (i.e. chimney) at the same plant; with this approach, estimation of the pollutants emissions from every source is obtained by the calculation of emissions by process, based in different emissions factors. Of course, complementary data from the processes (i.e. fuel consumption, energy production, ...) is required.Results of the E-PRTR for 2008 and 2010 years at Galicia show significant differences between the emissions distribution by sector, depending on the pollutant; this can be explained by changes in the processes technologies and performance. About the validation, in a first stage less than 50% of the sources provided acceptable emissions with the complementary information for validation; some of them complete this information upon request.
Introduction: Hyaluronic acid is a safe dermal filler, but sometimes late granuloma is generated. This adverse effect is an inflammatory process, and its causes are not clear.Late granuloma generation could be due to the reaction to residual components of the bacterial wall present into hyaluronic acid, such as lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Other possibility is hyaluronic acid degraded could be trigger this inflammatory reaction.Objective: Study possible molecular mechanism that could be implicated into the late granuloma formation. We wonder whereas inflammatory response activation is triggered by lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid or Gram-positive bacterial components as LTA.Methods: We analyzed one adverse case generated by hyaluronic acid injections. Our study with one nodule through chemical and immunofluorescence histologic technics.
Results:In this case, observe a late granuloma without infectious process. Histological analysis shown few large Langerhans cells around fillers and multiple immunological cells infiltrated. Immunofluorescent study shown immunological cells (CD45 positives cells) with high TLR2 expression (hyaluronic acid and LTA receptor).
Limitations:The difficulty of obtaining biopsy samples of nodules implies that the number of cases analyzed is very low.
Conclusion:New model is proposed in which weight of hyaluronic acid and LTA could be able to trigger inflammation. This process could be mediated by TLR2 expressed in infiltrated immune cells.
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