The chemical constituents of oil-heat treated cultivated 15 years-old Acacia hybrid were investigated. The logs of A. hybrid were harvested and cut at bottom, middle and top portions and oil-heat treated using organic palm oil at temperatures of 180, 200 and 220°C for the time 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The wood samples were dried and grinded into sawdust, and air-dried again prior to the chemical analysis. Untreated samples were used as controls. The results on the analysis of the chemical contents in the oil-treated A. hybrid shows some changes occurred when treated from 180 to 220°C. The variation occurred in the chemical contents for both the sapwood and heartwood. The holocellulose Vol. 2, No. 1 International Journal of Chemistry 98contents decrease from 71.5 to 63.1% and 73.4 to 64.0% for sapwood and heartwood respectively. The cellulose contents decreased from 47.1 to 37.7% for the sapwood and 48.9 to 38.1% for heartwood. The hemicellulose content's increases from 24.4 to 25.4% in the sapwood and 24.5 to 25.9% for the heartwood. Lignin contents increased 20.8 to 24.0% for the sapwood and 22.4 to 24.9% in the heartwood for treatment temperature from 180 to 220°C.
The chemical, colour and strength properties of thermally modified cultivated 15-year-old Acacia hybrid were investigated. Logs of A. hybrid were harvested and cut at the bottom, middle and top sections. The wood later underwent hot oil thermal modification using palm oil at temperatures 180°C, 200°C and 220°C for 30, 60 and 90 min. Untreated wood was used as control. The hot oil thermal modification process caused some features changed in the chemical composition, colour appearances and strength properties of A. hybrid wood. Parameters such as temperatures and treatment time were closely monitored as they influence the chemical, colour and strength changes in the treated wood. Temperatures of 180°C, 200°C and 220°C, and treatment time of 1 hr, 2 hrs. and 3 hrs. were used in the study. The degradation in holocellulose, cellulose, and hemicellulose contents was recognized when acacia woods were exposed to oil thermally modified process. Holocellulose and celulose degraded with the increasing of treatment temperature and duration of heating exposure, while lignin showed the increment in content through this treatment. The colour changes in the sapwood and heartwood were measured using the Minolta Chroma-meter CR-310 and the results are presented according to the CIE L*a*b* colour coordinates system. The results show that temperature at certain treatment time enhanced and darkened the treated wood. The colour of the treated sapwood can be enhanced to match the colour of the natural A. hybrid heartwood. The strength properties of the oil heat treated A. hybrid wood decreases in values of both MOR and MOE throughout the treatment process. The decreases in values were influenced by temperature and duration of the treatment.
This study investigated the effect of oil heat treatment process on colour appearance of cultivated Acacia hybrid. Parameters such as temperatures and treatment time are taken in account due to their influences in enhancing the colour changes of the natural untreated and oil heat treated of the wood from the sapwood right trough the heartwood. Young, natural and untreated A. hybrid would normally have the sapwood having lighter colour than the dark colour heartwood. Turning these timbers into plywood or furniture at this stage will result in uneven colour as the results of the mixture between the sapwood and heartwood. This will decrease the value of the products. Heating the wood at varying temperatures and treatment time would enhance the colour appearance of the young wood. The colour changes in the sapwood and heartwood were measured using Minolta Chroma-meter CR-310 and the results are presented according to the CIE L*a*b* colour co-ordinates system. The results revealed that the rising temperature at certain duration resulted in enhancing and darkening of wood tissues.
Aquaculture industry has contributed 10% which equal to 1,400 metric ton of the overall fish production in Malaysia. It has undergone a transition stage from small scale family oriented business to large scale operations managed by corporate bodies. Currently, the cost of constructing the basic structure of a floating cage using plastic drums or other foreign materials which is considered as a non-environmental friendly is rather expensive. This also means that such business ventures would not be affordable by the rural community. With the introduction of bamboo as the material in constructing floating cages, cost could be reduced and maintenance should be made much easier. Rural community is expected to benefit from this cost-saving material by setting up aquaculture business through village cooperatives. This paper outlines the concept of using bamboo as the main building material in the fishing industry. The cost and benefit of substituting foreign material with bamboo is examined too.
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