We describe a patient with a right coronary arteriovenous fistula in whom magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was useful in establishing the diagnosis. In a 36-year-old woman, T1 spin echo MRI demonstrated a massively dilated coronary arteriovenous fistula connecting the right coronary artery to the right atrium. The cine field echo technique showed a continuous shunt flow within the fistula as documented by the flow void throughout the cardiac cycle. These findings were confirmed by cardiac catheterization. We conclude that MRI is useful not only in detecting a coronary arteriovenous fistula but also in identifying its origin and the drainage site.
This study examined the behavioral characteristics of juvenile Japanese surf clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis in response to sand erosion and deposition under laboratory conditions, then estimated the fluid conditions critical to wash the clams out of the sand. The juveniles started burrowing down ward into sand when their burying depth decreased to less than 1.5 times the shell length due to erosion , and moving upward when the depth increased to more than 2.5 times the shell length due to deposition of sand. Burrowing and climbing actions of the juvenile continued until the depth reached 1.7-2.1 times the shell length once again. The burrowing and climbing speeds were about 1.8 times higher than the speed of erosion or deposition of sand. It was concluded that the juveniles would maintain their po sition actively in order to avoid being washed out or buried too deeply by adapting their behavior to the dynamic conditions of sand movement. The juveniles were washed out of the sand when the erosion speed exceeded 3.5 mm/min, and such erosion occurred when oscillatory water flow speeds over a sandy bottom with median particle diameter of 0.3 mm exceeded more than 45 and 55 cm/s at periods of 4 s and 8 s, respectively.
A previous histopathological investigation of the spotted gonads of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius revealed a degradation of germinal tissues and deposition of a large amount of calcium as many spicules. In the present study , the contents of proteins (total proteins and water-soluble proteins) and calcium of the spotted gonads taken from S . intermedius were measured to identify the biochemical changes involved in protein and calcium metabolism.The total proteins (TP) of the ovaries decreased as spot development progressed , although changes in the actual amount of water-soluble proteins (WSP) were minimal. This tendency was negligible in the testes. The calcium content in both gonads increased with the development of spotting . The decrease in TP is probably caused by germinal tissue degradation. The increase in calcium content indicates excess calcium caused by cessation of protein synthesis in the vitellogenesis or excess calcium influx due to tissue degradation.
6-Methoxymellein (6MM), a phytoalexin of carrot, exerted a static effect on the growth of fungi, yeast and bacteria at low concentrations.It retarded the spore germination of Chaetomium globosum and extended the lag phase in the growth of Bullera alba, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. When B. alba and C, albicans were first treated with 6MM and then a second time their growth was not inhibited by the second dose, suggesting that they become tolerant to 6MM through some induced factor.By contrast, S. aureus appeared to tolerate 6MM in a constitutive manner, since the bacterial growth was inhibited by the second dose of 6MM as well as the first. In S. aureus culture, however, the duration of growth inhibition by 6MM was dependent on the inoculum size, and the inhibitory effect was negligible when the bacterial concentration in the culture was sufficiently high.Chaetomium globosum and B. alba incorporated appreciable amounts of 6MM, but no metabolite of the phytoalexin appeared i n the culture.The results suggest that 6MM tolerance occurred in these microorganisms independently of its degradation or transformation.
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