This research aimed to find out the effectiveness of experiential learning (EL) model with mind mapping to improve the science process skills (SPS) on fungi materials. It was quasi-experiment research by using pre-test post-test control group design. The population of the study was all of the tenth-grade students of Kalasan State 1 Senior High School amount of 127 students in the odd semester in 2018/2019 of the school year. Sample techniques were cluster random sampling. The sample consisted of 26 students (10 students male and 16 students female) as the experiment class by implementing EL model with mind mapping and 26 students (9 students male and 17 students female) as control class by using 5M (observing, asking, collecting, associating, communicating) learning model. The used instrument was ten essay questions. The data of the research were analyzed by using t-test (independent sample t-test). Based on the result of the normalized gain score, it showed that there was an improve of SPS about 0,85 in the experiment class higher than that in the control class about 0,70. Besides, it also showed a significant value (2-tailed) that was 0,000 (<0,05). It meant that there was a difference in science process skills between the experiment class and control class, so the learning process through EL learning model with mind mapping proved useful to improve the students’ science process skills.
Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PYLCV) is a threat to chili plants and can significantly reduce yields. This study aimed as a pilot project to detect PYLCV by analyzing compounds emitted by chili plants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The samples investigated in this research were PYLCV-infected and PYLCV-undetected chili plants taken from commercial chili fields. The infection status was validated by using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. A headspace technique was used to extract the volatile organic compounds emitted by plants. The analysis of GC-MS results began with pre-processing, analyzing sample compound variability with a boxplot analysis, and sample classification by using a multivariate technique. Unsupervised multivariate technique principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to discover whether GC-MS could identify PYLCV-infected or not. The results showed that PYLCV-infected and PYLCV-undetected chili plants could be differentiated, with a total percent variance of the first three principal components reaching 91.32%, and successfully discriminated between PYLCV-infected and PYLCV-undetected chili plants. However, more comprehensive studies are needed to find the potential biomarkers of the infected plants.
The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic characteristics of nine orchids plants collected by Biology Gardens of Mathematics and Science Faculty of UNY based on OPA10 and OPA18 markers, to detect their genetic relationship, and determining the exact RAPD markers for identification of intraspecies and interspecies orchids. The analysis was carried out by isolating DNA from the leaves of 9 species of orchids (Rhynchostylis retusa, Vanda tricolor, Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium fimbriatum, Dendrobium moschatum, Dendrobium crumenatum, Dendrobium antennatum, Dendrobium anosmum Gigantea Alba and Dendrobium anosmum Gigantea) using TIANGEN DNA healing plant kit. Molecular identification was analysed based on the PCR-RAPD technique using OPA 10 and OPA18 primers. Electrophoregraph of PCR results are converted into binary data and analysed with NTSYSpc 2.02 software. The similarity index (kinship level) was analysed based on UPGMA dendrogram. The results of the analysis showed that there was genetic diversity in 9 orchid plants tested. Intra-species orchids show higher similarity than inter-species. Primer OPA 10, OPA18, and a combination of both shows polymorphism in intra-species orchids.
<p>Orchids are generally cultivated for their flower. To induce flower initiation in Phalaenopsis amabilis orchid, genetic and physiological approaches were developed. Genetic modification by insertion of P. amabilis Flowering Locus T (PaFT) gene driven by Ubiquitin promoter into orchid genome using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, whereas physiological approach was conducted by the use of growth regulators: N6benzyladenine (BA) (1, 3, 9) mg.L-1 or gibberellic acid (GA3) (5, 10, 15) mg.L-1 alone or in combination in culture medium. Orchid seeds were sown on New Phalaenopsis (NP) medium for 8 weeks, then subcultured on NP liquid medium + BA + GA3 with shaking for 9 weeks. Developping protocorms were spread on NP solid medium, then supplemented with NP liquid medium + BA + GA3 (5:2). Cultures were maintained at 25oC with a photoperiod of 8 hrs light/16 hrs dark. For genetic transformation, 3 weeks old protocorms were immersed overnight in cultures of A. tumefaciens with T-DNA harboring Ubipro::PaFT and Hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene as selectable marker. Phenotypic analysis was carried out from 5-20 plants, each of them was observed for leaf and root number and lengths, comparing with untreated plants. Shoots with normal phenotype were generated from all treatments. RT-PCR analysis from 3 plants each of 4 weeks-24 months old-WT plants, 6 months old phytohormone treated plants and also 12 and 24 months old transgenic plants showed that POH1 juvenile gene transcript can be detected at juvenile stage of WT and PaFT mRNA was expressed in late stage after 6 months old WT plants. In all phytohormone treated plants and transgenic orchid both POH1 anf PaFT transcripts can be detected in 5, 12 and 24-months old plants, but no flower initiation was occurred. It indicates that post transcriptional inhibition might be occurred, and it needs to be explored.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: in vitro, flower, PaFT, growth regulators, Orchids</p>
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