We examined the susceptibility of the worker honeybee Apis mellifera L. to pyrethroids. Bees were intoxicated by selected synthetic pyrethroids (active substances: beta-cyfl uthrin, deltamethrin, alphacypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, esfenvalerate, and bifenthrin) and 72 hours after intoxication the number of surviving insects was determined. It was observed that the susceptibility of the honeybee to pyrethroids (expressed herein as the survival rate) was changing in diurnal rhythm, ranging from 100% (for a majority of substances in both seasons) to 11.1±0.37% (deltamethrin) and 11.1±0.73% (esfenvalerate) in spring, and 11.1±0.73% (esfenvalerate) and 4.6±0.17% (bifenthrin) in summer. The lowest susceptibility of bees to pyrethroids occurred during the night, when the honeybees were characterized by reduced motility and did not fl y out for foraging, whereas the highest susceptibility was observed during the day, a natural time for seeking food. Along with diurnal changes in the susceptibility described above, differences dependent on the seasons in which the intoxication took place were also observed. Insects intoxicated in summer were less susceptible to pyrethroids than those intoxicated in spring.

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Abstract:In 2012-2013 a series of laboratory and field experiments were carried out to check out, if beers can be used as olfactory attractants in the fight against harmful slugs Arion lusitanicus. Six brands of lager beer were used for olfactory analysis (Goolman Premium, Harnas Jasne Pełne, Tatra Mocne, Kasztelan Niepasteryzowane, Lezajsk Niepasteryzowane, Wojak Jasny Pelny). During laboratory and field tests it was evidenced that beers of all types were more attractive for slugs than water.

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More and more frequently beer is used as an attractant in traps to eliminate the slug Arion lusitanicus auct. non-Mabille. The smell of beer is not indifferent to animals. Hence it is highly probable that it affects the physiological processes in the slug’s body. The aim of our study was to examine whether the smell can induce changes in respiration activity (measured as CO2 emission) of adult individuals of Arion lusitanicus. The results showed that all the tested brands of beer caused an increase in CO2 emission. Furthermore, in all the samples of studied brands of beer, this increase in CO2 emission correlated negatively to the content of the following compounds: acrylic acid N- hydroxysuccinimide ester, decanoic acid, (9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-1- [(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl ester, bicyclo[4,1,0]heptane and ethyl caprylate.