Assessment of risk to honey bees and honey consumers resulting from the insect exposure to captan, thiacloprid, penthiopyrad, and λ-cyhalothrin used in a commercial apple orchard

Journal of Plant Protection Research

“…The residues of all tested pesticides were found in the soil at a level close to the limit of quantification: <LOQ-0.01 µg • g −1 for cyflufenamid, <LOQ-0.03 µg • g −1 for cyprodinil and 0.02−0.13 µg • g −1 for pyrimethanil. Such small residues in the soil and high amounts on flowers significantly differ from our previous studies in which we detected the residues of captan and fluopyram (Piechowicz et al 2018) and captan and penthiopyrad (Piechowicz et al 2021b), which, despite the high doses used in cultivation, were less concentrated on the leaves and more concentrated in the soil. It is most likely related to the rainfall occurring during the research.…”

“…Extraction of the residue from the surface of flowers and leaves was carried out in accordance with the methodology presented by Piechowicz et al (2021b).…”

“…Extraction of residues from bees, broods, pollen, and honey was performed analogously to the methodology of Piechowicz et al (2021b), while freeze-drying was carried out at −50°C, and 150 mg of PSA was replaced with 300 mg of Florosil.…”

“…Bees that have contact with pesticides carry them to the hive (Piechowicz et al 2018;Piechowicz et al 2021b). Pesticides, along with food (Böhme et al 2017), enter the larvae and can be fouind in honey and wax (Calatayud-Vernich et al 2018).…”

“…The annual domestic production of this fruit in 2021 was estimated at 4 million tonnes (GUS 2021b). The need to pollinate fruit crops means that pollinating insects during the flowering period will be exposed to PPPs (Mayer and Lunden 1986;McKerchar et al 2020;Piechowicz et al 2021b).…”