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How do termite inquilines manage to cohabit termitaria along with the termite builder species? With this in mind, we analysed one of the several strategies that inquilines could use to circumvent conflicts with their hosts, namely, the use of distinct diets. We inspected overlapping patterns for the diets of several cohabiting Neotropical termite species, as inferred from carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures for termite individuals. Cohabitant communities from distinct termitaria presented overlapping diet spaces, indicating that they exploited similar diets at the regional scale. When such communities were split into their components, full diet segregation could be observed between builders and inquilines, at regional (environment-wide) and local (termitarium) scales. Additionally, diet segregation among inquilines themselves was also observed in the vast majority of inspected termitaria. Inquiline species distribution among termitaria was not random. Environmental-wide diet similarity, coupled with local diet segregation and deterministic inquiline distribution, could denounce interactions for feeding resources. However, inquilines and builders not sharing the same termitarium, and thus not subject to potential conflicts, still exhibited distinct diets. Moreover, the areas of the builder’s diet space and that of its inquilines did not correlate negatively. Accordingly, the diet areas of builders which hosted inquilines were in average as large as the areas of builders hosting no inquilines. Such results indicate the possibility that dietary partitioning by these cohabiting termites was not majorly driven by current interactive constraints. Rather, it seems to be a result of traits previously fixed in the evolutionary past of cohabitants.

SUMMARYLittle is currently known about modifications in edaphic characteristics caused by short-rotation eucalyptus and the impacts of these alterations on the sustainability of eucalyptus wood production. This study was carried out to identify theses changes at five sites of eucalyptus plantation in the region of the Rio Doce Valley, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Areas with more than three previous eucalyptus cycles, adjacent to pasture land or native forest, were chosen. Soil samples were collected and soil fertility analyzed by routine methods and other fractionation methods in order to measure alterations in the K, Ca and Mg contents as a consequence of eucalyptus cultivation. In the eucalyptus areas, reductions in the exchangeable Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + contents and pH were observed and increased Al 3+ and H + Al contents. Of all nutrients, only P contents (Mehlich-1 P) increased in the eucalyptus areas. The reduction in exchangeable forms and in medium-term soil nutrient pools indicates the need for higher nutrient rates than the currently applied in order to prevent nutritional limitations and soil nutrient exhaustion. After several eucalyptus rotations there was a recovery in the SOM content in comparison to degraded pasture soils, although not to the level of the native forest soil. The positive correlation between effective CEC and medium-term nonexchangeable Ca, Mg and K with SOM emphasizes the need for adequate fertilizer and plant residue management to sustain or even increase forest productivity in future cycles.Index terms: exchangeable cations, fertilization, nutrient exhaustion, nutrient reserves.(

RESUMOCom o desenvolvimento de cultivares modernos, a produtividade do milho tem aumentado e, consequentemente, a demanda por N segue a mesma tendência. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da época de aplicação de N sobre a produtividade de grãos e sua distribuição nos componentes da planta de milho, na presença e ausência de adubação de molibdênio, em sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2006/07, na Estação Experimental de Coimbra-MG. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, no esquema fatorial 3 x 2 + 1, sendo três épocas de aplicação de N, na ausência e na presença de adubação com molibdênio (Mo), e uma testemunha sem fertilização. Os tratamentos consistiram de: T1-aplicação total de N 15 dias antes do plantio, sem molibdênio; T2 -aplicação total de N no plantio, sem molibdênio; T3 -aplicação total de N na época em que o milho se encontrava com quatro folhas completamente desenvolvidas, sem molibdênio; T4 -aplicação total de N 15 dias antes do plantio, com molibdênio; T5 -aplicação total de N no plantio, com molibdênio; T6 -aplicação total de N na época em que o milho se encontrava com quatro folhas completamente desenvolvidas, com molibdênio; e T7 -testemunha sem N, sem aplicação de Mo. O cultivar utilizado foi o híbrido simples AG 9010. O melhor suprimento de N ao longo do ciclo e a maior produtividade foram obtidos com a aplicação do fertilizante no estádio de quatro folhas expandidas do milho. Não foi encontrado efeito da adubação molíbdica sobre as características avaliadas.

SUMMARYTo synchronize nutrient availability with the requirements of eucalyptus during a cultivation cycle, the nutrient flow of this system must be well understood. Essential, for example, is information about nutrient dynamics in eucalyptus plantations throughout a cultivation cycle, as well as impacts on soil nutrient reserves caused by the accumulation and subsequent export of nutrients via biomass. It is also important to quantify the effect of some management practices, such as tree population density (PD) on these fluxes. Some nutrient relations in an experiment with Eucalyptus grandis, grown at different PDs in Santa Barbara, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for one cultivation cycle. At forest ages of 0.25, 2.5, 4.5, and 6.75 years, evaluations were carried out in the stands at seven different PDs (between 500 and 5,000 trees ha -1 ) which consisted in chemical analyses of plant tissue sampled from components of the aboveground parts of the tree, from the forest floor and the litterfall. Nutrient contents and allocations of the different biomass components were estimated. In general, there were only small and statistically insignificant effects of PD on the nutrient concentration in trees. With increasing forest age, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations were reduced in the aboveground components and the forest floor. The magnitud of biochemical nutrient cycling followed the sequence: P > K > N > Mg. At the end of the cycle, the quantities of N, P, Ca and Mg immobilized in the forest floor were higher than in the other components.Index terms: mineral nutrition, tree spacing, sustainability, fertilization. RESUMO: RELAÇÕES NUTRICIONAIS DURANTE UM CICLO DE CULTIVO DE EUCALIPTO EM DIFERENTES DENSIDADES POPULACIONAIS

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SUMMARYEucalyptus Shoot Blight in the Vale do Rio Doce (ESBVRD) is an anomaly that leads to reduced growth and, in more extreme cases, to death of eucalyptus plants. Initially diagnosed in plantations in the region of the Vale do Rio Doce, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, this problem has also been found in plantations in other regions of the country and even in other countries. Although the symptoms of this anomaly are well-known, its causes are not yet understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cause-effect relationship between accumulation of manganese (Mn) in eucalyptus clones and ESBVRD. Characterization of the environment in areas of greater occurrence of this problem in regard to soil, climate and fluctuation of the water table was undertaken in eucalyptus plantations of the Celulose Nipobrasileira S.A. (Cenibra) company in the region of the Vale do Rio Doce. Plant tissues were sampled in two situations. In the first situation, diagnosis occurred in the initial phase of the anomaly in clones with differentiated tolerance to the problem; in the second situation, diagnosis was made in a single clone, considered to be sensitive, in two time periods -in the phase with the strong presence of symptoms and in the recovery phase, in areas of occurrence and in areas of escape from the problem. The most ESBVRD-sensitive clone showed much higher (4.8 times higher) leaf Mn contents than more tolerant clones. In plants with the anomaly, Mn leaf contents were greater than 3,070 mg kg -1 , much greater than the quantity found in those without the anomaly (734 mg kg -1 ). In the period in which the symptoms began to wane, there was a sharp decline in leaf Mn contents, from 2,194 to 847 mg kg -1 .(1) Received for publication on February 27, 2013 and approved on October 25, 2013.(2) Researcher, Coordenação de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Florestal (GGF-P), Celulose Nipo-Brasileira S.A. -CENIBRA.Regional Manganese content in the above ground part and plant litter (44.4 g ha -1 ) in the area of occurrence of the anomaly was three times greater than that found in these same components (14.1 g ha -1 ) in the area of absence of the symptom. Based on the evidence found, such as the existence of environmental conditions favorable to high Mn availability to the plants in the areas of greatest incidence of ESBVRD, greater uptake of Mn in sensitive clones and in plants with symptoms, and a synchronism between the intensity of symptoms of ESBVRD and leaf Mn contents, it may be inferred that temporary excess of Mn in eucalyptus plants is closely related to ESBVRD.Index terms: hypoxia, groundwater, redox potential. RESUMO: ACÚMULO DE MANGANÊS EM PLANTIOS DE EUCALIPTO E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A "SECA DE PONTEIROS DO EUCALIPTO DO VALE DO RIO DOCE"A Seca de Ponteiros do Eucalipto do Vale do Rio Doce (SPEVRD) é uma anomalia que leva à redução do crescimento e, em casos mais extremos, à morte dessa cultura. Inicialmente diagnosticada em plantios localizados na região do Vale do Rio Doce, no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, esse proble...