Resumo Este estudo analisa literatura sobre governança escolar editada em periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), classificadas com o indicativo da qualidade ‘A1’. Enquadra-se na sociologia das organizações educativas e tem natureza exploratória, aproximando-se da forma de meta-análise. Oferece uma análise objetiva da literatura científica produzida sobre este tópico. Esta análise caracteriza a literatura editada em português, de autores lusófonos e não lusófonos, quanto aos objetivos científicos, à natureza e orientação teórica, à composição dos quadros teóricos de análise, bem como à estratégia de investigação. Para construir sentido analítico sobre as conclusões e propor uma explicação sociológica, foram usados os conceitos de reificação, afinidade eletiva, neutralidade axiológica e habitus científico. Este artigo tem impactos teóricos, na medida em que sublinha a natureza reducionista da investigação realizada, e práticos, na medida em que propõe reconceptualização do objeto empírico. A análise produzida permite caracterizar esta literatura como sendo ambivalente, porque é conservadora nos processos científicos e crítica no objeto científico, não filiável em paradigmas de análise científica, orientada mais para a dedução teórica do que para a indução empírica, privilegia o nível macro face aos níveis meso e micro, adota métodos de pesquisa empírica insuficientemente controlados, revela tendência teórica reificadora, é afetada por afinidades eletivas e desafia a neutralidade axiológica. Por fim, questiona-se a importância e utilidade da ciência para a compreensão e transformação da governança educacional.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the recursive perspective that emphasizes bureaucracy as a source of officers’ stress, explain officers’ stress as a loosely coupled effect, examine the positive effects of loose coupling and legitimize the necessity of improving context management as a stress-reduction factor. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology uses a quantitative perspective; the members of two police forces constituted the universe; the sampling technique was not random and accidental; and an exploratory factor analysis and an invariance measure were performed. Findings The stress phenomenon is common and similar in both police forces, which means that it is indifferent to their organizational differences and has common causes. Loose coupling is present in both police work settings and entails significant stress; and the search for an explanation of the stress caused by loosely coupled elements should focus on both the value chain and the processes. Practical implications Addressing this phenomenon should entail a twofold improvement strategy: the correction of loosely coupled organizational factors by revising the management processes that cause stress and the prevention of loosely coupled effects by using professional training to enhance adaptive behavior within specific contexts. Originality/value Police organizations are addressed as loosely coupled (anarchic organized) systems instead of tightly coupled (bureaucratic) systems. The loosely coupled factors that emerge inside bureaucratic organizations cause significant stress among officers and complementary research is necessary to analyze the fallacious nature of the recursive attribution of police stress to bureaucratic characteristics.
In this study, we examined how beliefs about farm animal sentience and their suffering vary across culture and demographic characteristics. A total of N = 5027) questionnaires were administered in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and the USA. Brazilians showed higher and Chinese lower levels of perceived animal sentience. In Russia and India, the perception of suffering and sentience increases with age, with similar levels to those observed in the USA. In all the countries, more people agreed than disagreed that animals are sentient. Men in India show higher levels of agreement with the relation between eating meat and animal suffering, followed by women in Brazil and China. Lower levels of agreement are observed in Americans and Chinese. Women show higher levels of compassion than men. In Russia, there is a slightly higher level of agreement between men and in the USA younger men agree more. Young American men show higher levels of agreement, while in India and China age has the opposite effect. For fair trading competition, it is important to standardize procedures and respect the demand for both animal protein and its ethical production. Overall, our results showed that perceptions of farm animal sentience and suffering vary substantially across countries and demographic groups. These differences could have important consequences for the perceived ethicality of meat production and consumption, and for global trade in animal products.
Esta reflexão tem natureza teórica e foca-se em literatura sobre a qualidade de três dimensões do sistema turístico — ambiente, paisagem e destinos — por serem as dimensões mais não humanas desse sistema. A análise realizada permite identificar as características da literatura revista e identificar fragilidades da mesma. A mais notada das fragilidades está associada às definições da qualidade, a qual tem profundos efeitos na investigação da realidade empírica devido à ausência de um referencial consistente e validado para analisar o fenómeno e à dificuldade em intervir política e praticamente na realidade sem o sentido de conclusões baseadas em sólidos conceitos da qualidade.
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