The demand for public transport on the example of Lviv city is analyzed in the paper. The aim of the trip, the duration of the trip, vehicle occupancy rate, walking approach to the stop, and the choice of public transport mode are determined as the main impact factors. The questioning of 1100 users of public transport is carried out. During the formation of transport strategy of public transport system functioning in large cities, it is necessary to consider such factors of functioning as optimal, from the view of transport provision, location of places of work and study, trips are up to 45 min; vehicle occupation rate is up to 80% (on the most routes); the walking distance is up to 600 m; vehicles of large capacity. The provision of these indicators in transport systems will provide an opportunity to increase the effectiveness and enlarge the demand for public transport services as a result of qualitative functioning.
Optimizing transfers during public transport operations is one of the essential components of improving the quality of transport. Several factors influence the passenger's perception of a transfer: from the personal characteristics of the user of transport services to the parameters of the route network, trip characteristics and the design of transfer stops. The method of constructing Bayesian networks was used as one of the effective methods for solving problems of forecasting complex systems to find the relationship between different types of input data that affect the probability of making a transfer at a stop. The need for a transfer arises for a passenger when two reasons are combined: the need to make a trip between two transport areas and the lack of a direct public transport route between these transport areas. The number of needs for trip will depend on the number of residents in the departure zone, and the probability of not having a direct route will depend on the total number of routes departing from this zone. A simulation was carried out in the PTV Visum software environment (on the example of Lviv city) to determine the impact of these factors on the probability of changing at a stop. As a result, data were obtained on the total amount of passenger exchange at the stops of the public transportation system with distribution into the number of passengers disembarking at the stop, the number of passengers transferring at this stop, and the number of passengers going (up to 200 m) to another stop to transfer. The average waiting time for a transfer at a stop depends on both the number of routes passing through the stop and the regularity of traffic. Strict adherence to traffic schedules helps to reduce the average waiting time for a transfer. A comparison of the results of calculating the probability of a transfer at one of the stops using calculations based on field observation data and using modeling was carried out to check the adequacy of the modeling. The calculated probability is 0.16, the simulated probability is 0.12.
Transport accessibility of the territory determines the possibility of getting a certain area using a certain transport mode of the existing transport network. The paper describes the concept of accessibility of the territory as a factor of sustainability of the urban transport system and methods of its assessment for urban conditions. It is proposed to use the indicator of the number of non-stop public transport routes between transport zones as a criterion for the "cost" of travel. Non-stop travel increases the comfort of public transport and reduces the financial costs of the passenger. The route network of the city of Lviv and interconnections of transport zones by public transport routes (bus, tram, and trolleybus) are analyzed. Modelling of passenger traffic volumes and their distribution by modes (private transport, public transport, and pedestrian traffic) was done in the PTV Visum software based on the matrix of a duration of movement and the matrix of the number of non-stop routes. It was found that at commensurate distances between transport zones, the number of non-stop routes increases the share of public transport users. The relationship between the number of non-stop routes and the share of public transport users is described by the logarithmic dependence. Comparing the simulated passenger flows on the public transport routes with the results of field researches, it was found that taking into account the number of non-stop routes between transport zones during the simulation allows increasing the accuracy of the results. Further research may focus on analyzing the impact of other factors that characterize the accessibility of the territory on the distribution of transport users between modes, and on the development of recommendations to the responsible city authorities to improve the city's passenger route network.
The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly affected the economic and social spheres of all countries. Restrictions intro-duced to reduce the risk of transmission have changed the structure of population movements. The impact of these restrictions on the characteristics of intercity travel is still an understudied problem. Based on the analysis of statisti-cal data and the results of questionnaires, the article assesses the impact of pandemic restrictions on population mobil-ity in the Western region of Ukraine and changes in the distribution of passenger flows between different modes (bus, rail, private transport, joint travel). In 2020, the volume of passenger traffic in the region decreased by an average of half compared to the previous year. The decline is sharper for rail passenger transport compared to the bus transport. For more developed railway networks, the impact of the pandemic on passenger traffic is more pronounced. Quarantine restrictions have also increased the share of own car travel. According to research, the distribution of intercity trips between modes is influenced by the age and sex of the traveler. During the pandemic, users of transport services who travel with children under the age of 14 choose private transport to travel more often than those who travel alone. The degree of influence of the above factors on the distribution of modes depends on the length of the trip. The application part of the work presents the results of modeling passenger flows of the studied region in the software environment PTV Visum. It was found that at the beginning of the quarantine restrictions the number of intercity trips decreases sharply. As the duration of restrictions increases, the rate of decline in mobility decreases. These data can be further taken into account when planning the work of transport enterprises and meeting the population`s demand for travel. The practi-cal application of the study results is that the identification of trends in the mobility of residents of the studying region depending on the impact of pandemic restrictions allows you to predict the mode and type of vehicles used. Based on these data, you can determine marketing strategies for the development of certain modes and directions of transporta-tion.
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