Highlights d IPH5201 and IPH5301 block cell-borne and soluble CD39 and CD73, respectively d IPH5201 maintains immunogenic extracellular ATP d When used in combination with chemotherapy, IPH5201 promotes antitumor immunity d Targeting CD39 and CD73 synergistically promotes cancer patient T cell activation
Rapidly progressive dementia mimicking Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a relatively rare presentation but a rewarding one to become familiar with, as the potential diagnoses range from the universally fatal to the completely reversible. Patients require urgent decisions about assessment and investigation and have quickly evolving needs for treatments and support, through symptom management and end-of-life care in most cases. We have based this pragmatic review on the experiences of a specialist prion referral centre in the UK, which, unsurprisingly, is strongly biased towards seeing patients with CJD.
Human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC) have been used in the clinic with moderately encouraging results. Mouse XCR1+ DC excel at cross-presentation, can be targeted in vivo to induce protective immunity, and share characteristics with XCR1+ human DC. Assessment of the immunoactivation potential of XCR1+ human DC is hindered by their paucity in vivo and by their lack of a well-defined in vitro counterpart. We report in this study a protocol generating both XCR1+ and XCR1− human DC in CD34+ progenitor cultures (CD34-DC). Gene expression profiling, phenotypic characterization, and functional studies demonstrated that XCR1− CD34-DC are similar to canonical MoDC, whereas XCR1+ CD34-DC resemble XCR1+ blood DC (bDC). XCR1+ DC were strongly activated by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid but not LPS, and conversely for MoDC. XCR1+ DC and MoDC expressed strikingly different patterns of molecules involved in inflammation and in cross-talk with NK or T cells. XCR1+ CD34-DC but not MoDC efficiently cross-presented a cell-associated Ag upon stimulation by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid or R848, likewise to what was reported for XCR1+ bDC. Hence, it is feasible to generate high numbers of bona fide XCR1+ human DC in vitro as a model to decipher the functions of XCR1+ bDC and as a potential source of XCR1+ DC for clinical use.
Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) play an essential role in the prevention of autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms of immune suppression and the spectrum of cells they target in vivo remain incompletely defined. In particular, although Treg directly suppress conventional T cells in vitro, they have been shown to inhibit the Ag-presenting functions of macrophage- and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). We have now studied the maturation of human blood-derived myeloid DC and plasmacytoid DC activated with TLR ligands in the presence of Treg. Preactivated Treg suppressed strongly TLR-triggered myeloid DC maturation, as judged by the blocking of costimulatory molecule up-regulation and the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines secretion that resulted in poor Ag presentation capacity. Although IL-10 played a prominent role in inhibiting cytokines secretion, suppression of phenotypic maturation required cell-cell contact and was independent of TGF-β and CTLA-4. In contrast, the acquisition of maturation markers and production of cytokines by plasmacytoid DC triggered with TLR ligands were insensitive to regulatory T cells. Therefore, human Treg may enlist myeloid, but not plasmacytoid DC for the initiation and the amplification of tolerance in vivo by restraining their maturation after TLR stimulation.
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