Recent analysis by manufacturers and network operators has shown that current wireless networks are not very energy efficient, particularly the base stations by which terminals access services from the network. In response to this observation the Mobile Virtual Centre of Excellence (VCE) Green Radio project was established in 2009 to establish how significant energy savings may be obtained in future wireless systems. This article discusses the technical background to the project and discusses models of current energy consumption in base station devices. It also describes some of the most promising research directions in reducing the energy consumption of future base stations.
Abstract-A relay cooperation scheme is proposed for the downlink of multicell multiple-input-multiple-output cellular networks. The relay stations (RSs) will cooperatively transmit the signal replicas of all the user equipments obtained during the broadcast phase. We consider different RS decoding strategies during the broadcast phase and joint relay transmission with different degrees of channel state information (CSI) sharing during the relay phase. We also propose the partial semiorthogonal user selection (PSUS) method designed specifically for relay cooperation. The spectral and energy efficiencies are then evaluated for the relay cooperation scheme. Its cooperative costs for different cooperation levels are also investigated. Simulation results indicate that joint RS decoding outperforms independent RS decoding but a cooperative link with a bit rate of an order of magnitude greater than that achievable by the relay network is required. Compared to the competing user selection methods that require global CSI, the proposed PSUS method utilized for relay phase joint transmission operates at less than half of the cooperative cost while introduces only a slight degradation in system performance.
One of the significant benefits of smart grid as compared to conventional power grid is the capability to collect fine-grained data from each smart meter remotely, thereby enabling utility provider to balance load effectively and offer time-adaptive pricing schemes. Nevertheless, the ability to read fine-granular measurements constitutes a serious privacy threat to the consumers. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the privacy issues in smart grid in order to preserve consumers' privacy and protect data integrity. In this paper, we propose a PrivacyPreserving and Cheat-Resilient (PPCR) electricity consumption reporting scheme for smart grid communication. PPCR adopts incremental hash function to conceal consumers' energy usage data from unauthorized parties, as well as the utility companies. The proposed scheme enables utility provider to perform data integrity check without disrupting smart grid services such as load management and billing. Security analysis is conducted to demonstrate that PPCR withstands malicious operations, preserves consumers' privacy and is robust to adversaries' cheating and smart meters malfunction.
The authors investigate the relay-aided multicell multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) cellular network by comparing both the signal forwarding and interference forwarding relaying paradigms, each employing the adaptive MIMO relay scheme. The spectral, energy and economic efficiency values are utilised as key performance metrics. Furthermore, both radio frequency and circuit power consumption are considered in the energy calculation. They demonstrate that there is a tradeoff between spectral and energy efficiency. Thus, economic profitability is used to find a balance in the tradeoff as profitability is important to the long term deployment of a scheme. They introduce the economic efficiency metric which considers the inherent tradeoff as a complementary performance measure to obtain maximum economic profitability while maintaining gains in both spectral and energy efficiency.
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