Several studies have shown intraspecific geographical variation in the composition of sex pheromones. Pheromone lures from North America and Europe were not effective against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil, so we examined the composition of the sex pheromone produced by females from Brazilian populations. Virgin female gland extracts contained (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac), (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate (E7-12:Ac), dodecyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac), (Z)-10-tetradecenyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate/(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate. The relative proportions of each acetate were 0.8:1.2:0.6:traces:82.8:0.3:1.5:12.9, respectively. This is the first time that E7-12:Ac has been reported from the pheromone gland of S. frugiperda. Only three compounds, Z9-14:Ac, Z7-12:Ac, and E7-12:Ac, elicited antennal responses, and there were no differences in catch between traps baited with either Z7-12:Ac + Z9-14:Ac or Z7-12:Ac + Z9-14:Ac + Z11-16:Ac blends. However, the Z7-12:Ac + Z9-14:Ac + E7-12:Ac blend was significantly better than Z7-12:Ac + Z9-14:Ac, indicating that E7-12:Ac is an active component in the sex pheromone of the Brazilian populations of S. frugiperda.

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Resumo -Este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar as perdas na cultura do milho BRS 3123 decorrentes do ataque da lagarta-do-cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda), na ausência e presença de seus inimigos naturais. Aos 15 dias depois da emergência da planta, foi realizada uma infestação artificial da praga (uma postura por metro quadrado). As lagartas alimentaram-se da planta, sem a interferência de seus inimigos naturais, pela utilização de uma gaiola de proteção (inicial, de dois dias depois da infestação, até uma proteção máxima de 16 dias). O dano da praga, determinado por uma escala de notas de 0 (plantas sem dano) a 5 (plantas mortas), foi em média de 4,01, 1,39, 1,09 e 0,93 para o período de proteção da praga de 16, 6, 4 e 2 dias, respectivamente. Na ausência de agentes de controle biológico, o ataque da praga ocasionou perdas na produção de matéria seca de 47,27% e perdas no rendimento de grãos de 54,49%. Os resultados evidenciaram a importância dos inimigos naturais na supressão de lagartas de S. frugiperda na cultura de milho.Termos para indexação: Spodoptera frugiperda, inimigos naturais, silagem, produtividade de milho. Relationship between fall armyworm and their natural biological control agents in the maize cropAbstract -This work had the objective of quantifying the losses in the maize hybrid BRS 3123 due to the attack of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), in the absence or presence of its natural enemies. Fifteen days after the plant emergency, an artificial infestation (one egg mass per square meter) was accomplished. The larvae fed on the plant, without the interference of its natural enemies, by using an appropriated protection cage (initial protection for two days after infestation, until a maximum protection period of 16 days). The damage caused by the pest, determined through a visual scale from 0 (plants without damage) to 5 (dead plants), was on average, 4.01, 1.39, 1.09 and 0.93 for the pest protection period of 16, 6, 4 and 2 days, respectively. In the absence of the biological control agents, the attack of the pest caused losses of 47.27% in the dry matter production and losses of 54.49% in grain yield. The results evidenced the importance of natural enemies in the suppression of fall armyworm in maize crop.

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major pest of maize and frequently demands control measures. The timing of insecticide application is a key factor in determining its efficiency, so an experiment was designed to investigate this. Application of insecticide was based on three criteria: (i) the number of trap-caught moths in a Delta-type trap with a commercial sex pheromone lure placed in the center of the target area, soon after plant emergence; (ii) the percentage of plants exhibiting pinhole-type damage (10% or 20%), and (iii) the percentage of plants exhibiting shot hole-type damage (10% or 20%) compared to a check plot without any control measures. We found that the number of trap-caught moths was, compared to the other methods, the2 best means of deciding on insecticide application in maize to control the fall armyworm. Using pheromone traps, we obtained the best performance of the insecticide Spinosad, causing >90% larval mortality. Without insecticide application, maize yield reduction due to fall armyworm larva damage was 39%.

The ladybug Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important natural enemy of various pests. The potential of rearing it on 17 different diets was evaluated. The percentage of E. connexa adults was higher when its larvae received only eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) after freezing for 1 day (92.5%) or combined in artificial diets with honey and water (82.5% to 100.0%). The viability from larvae to adult was 72.5% with eggs of A. kuehniella (after 1 day's freezing) plus an artificial diet based on pet food. No adults of E. connexa were obtained with artificial diets as a standalone food source. The duration of the larval period to adult of this predator was longer, but with low viability, with only A. kuehniella eggs (after 6 months' freezing) or with eggs + artificial diets. Eggs of A. kuehniella (after 1 day's freezing) supplied separately or along with artificial diets were more appropriate to rear E. connexa and both diets can be used for mass rearing of this natural enemy.