The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of protein hydrolysate and peptide fractions from Salvia hispanica L. seeds. Protein isolate was obtained using defatted flour of mucilage-free seeds. Hydrolysis process was conducted by enzymatic digestion. The hydrolysate was fractionated using ultrafiltration membranes to obtain the peptide fractions (<1, 1-3, 3-5, 5-10, and >10 kDa). Protein derivatives were evaluated by in vitro activation of murine peritoneal macrophages. The antiinflammatory activity was determined as NO production, H 2 O 2 release and pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) production. All the peptides exerted an antiinflammatory activity, but peptide fraction between 1-3 kDa showed the highest anti-inflammatory effect. This fraction was evaluated on in vivo murine models of TPA-induced ear edema and DNFB-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity, exhibiting inhibitory effects. Hence, the results demonstrated that protein derivatives from S. hispanica L. seeds have in vitro and in vivo antiinflammatory effects.
The present study aimed to examine the immunomodulatory properties of the methanolic (MeOH) extract from Pouteria. campechiana leaves in peritoneal macrophages of Balb/c mice. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice and Vero cells were treated with the MeOH extract from leaves. Cell viability of the macrophages and Vero cells were evaluated by the 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide method. The phagocytic activity, as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production were evaluated on peritoneal macrophages. Results showed that the MeOH extract from leaves was able to stimulate the phagocytic activity and increase NO, H 2 O 2 and cytokines production. The viability assays do not show cytotoxic effect on cell viability and cause a significative proliferative effect in the macrophages of a concentration-dependent manner. These results conclude that the MeOH extract from P. campechiana leaves possessed a stronger immunostimulatory effect in a concentration-dependent manner without affect the cell viability.
Cancer has been defined as a genetic disease induced by mutations that activate specific genes responsible of control the growth and differentiation of cells (Chen & Mellman, 2017). Today, cancer constitutes an enormous problem in both more and less economically developed countries and represents a leading cause of decease in these nations. The most frequently diagnosed types of cancer worldwide are lung and breast cancer. Likewise, lung and breast cancer are the leading causes of cancer decease in men and women, respectively. In general, an increase in the presence of this illness is expected due to the growth and aging of the population (Choi et al., 2017).Many elements act as key risk factors for the development of cancer, such as smoking, secondhand smoke, alcohol consumption, excess body weight, physical inactivity, consumption of red and processed meat, as well as low consumption of fruits and vegetables, dietary fiber, and dietary calcium. Other risk factors include ultraviolet radiation exposure and infections with some pathogens (Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human herpesvirus type 8, human immunodeficiency virus, and human papillomavirus) (Islami et al., 2018).In this sense, numerous hypotheses about the causes of cancer have been proposed, which comprise multiple mutations, somatic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, nonmutagenic mechanisms, nonhealing wounds, viruses, and immunological surveillance. Despite this, as described at the beginning, recent common theories allude that cancer is an uncontrolled somatic cell proliferation caused by progressive accumulation of random mutations in critical genes, originating a clinical tumor (Allegra et al., 2014).
Introduction Propolis has been used traditionally for different human diseases and even recently as dental biomaterials because of its antibacterial, antimycotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, a proper correlation between in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties has not been clearly established. Methods The composition of propolis was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-MS). Viability of ethanolic propolis solution was evaluated by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on murine macrophages. The anti-inflammatory properties were assessed both in vitro through the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantification of various cytokines and in vivo by induced edemas. Results Chemical analysis showed pinocembrin, pinobanksin-3-O-acetate, and pinobanksin-3-O-propionate as the main components of propolis. Macrophage viability was high (106%) when propolis was used up to 50 µg/mL. ELISA studies showed a reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) up to 145 pg/mL, 350 pg/mL, and 210 pg/mL, respectively, while the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) were increased up to 833 pg/mL and 446 pg/mL. Finally, edema was reduced on paw and ear mice by 9% and 22%, respectively. Conclusion Mayan propolis has strong in vitro anti-inflammatory properties without compromising macrophage viability, resulting in a low-to-mild in vivo anti-inflammatory response.
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