Air navigation is increasingly dependent on the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). It allows the determination of the aircraft's position in all phases of the flight and brings many advantages. Although GNSS navigation results in gains, the radio signals from these systems are strongly influenced by the ionospheric environment. It introduces errors that can affect the accuracy, integrity, availability and continuity requirements established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The ionospheric layer has different behaviors depending on the latitude, time of day, season of the year, geomagnetic activity and solar cycle. Since Brazil is located in a region of low latitudes, it experiences a series of unique challenges when compared to regions of mid-latitudes. For this reason, the application of GNSS-based technologies in aviation over the Brazilian territory requires an in-depth assessment of the ionosphere effects. Therefore, the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) named GNSS Technology for Supporting Air Navigation was formed in 2017 to better assess the ionosphere impacts and assist government agencies and companies in the development of safe air navigation procedures over Brazil in a near future. This paper presents the most relevant advances achieved so far within this multidisciplinary project that involves Brazilian research centers and universities.
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo preliminar sobre os métodos usados para avaliação da carga mental de trabalho (CMT) e determinação da usabilidade de interfaces de comunicação de Sistemas de Navegação e Guia de Rota em Automóvel (SINGRA). As interfaces dos SINGRA têm sobrecarregado os sistemas de processamento perceptivo e cognitivo do motorista, devido a ruídos de comunicação e, também, às limitações do sistema humano de processamento de informação. Os SINGRA projetados inadequadamente, quando usados com o automóvel em movimento, podem interferir na tarefa de desempenho principal que é a direção do automóvel. Quanto maior a complexidade da demanda da tarefa secundária, mais elevada é a CMT e, consequentemente, pior é o desempenho da direção. Isto pode ser verificado por meio da avaliação da CMT, com a utilização de métodos de fatores humanos (também compreendidos como métodos de avaliação), tais como os cognitivo comportamentais e os psicofisiológicos. Demanda visual, desempenho da tarefa e índices de CMT são medidas imprescindíveis na avaliação. Finalmente, são apresentadas as principais vantagens e desvantagens dos métodos e medidas para avaliação da CMT relacionada com Sistemas de Navegação e Guia de Rota.
The availability in real time of GNSS satellites orbits, clock corrections and code and phase biases provided the possibility of application of Real Time Precise Point Positioning (RTPPP). This paper presents the methodology concerning RTPPP and application to kinematic trajectories of airplane flight tests, but without using the carrier phase bias. So, it is PPP float solution. It requires RT positioning estimation, task that most of time presents certain difficulties due to loss of communication or of satellites during maneuvers of the airplane. However, if the corrections become unavailable for a certain period of time, the system starts using the ultra-rapid IGS orbits. The experiments were accomplished taking into account a case simulating RT and another in fact RT, but storing data and corrections for post processing. The PPP solutions obtained either simulating RT or in RT were compared against the PPP post processed solution that uses the final clock and orbit corrections. Then, statistics were generated to analyze the quality of both results. Real Time PPP applied to aircraft flight test 2 Bulletin of Geodetic Sciences, 25(2): e2019009, 2019They were applied to kinematic trajectory that on average was 360 km/h, reaching about 600 km/h. The results provided accuracy better than the requisites for such cases which is of about 80 cm in height.
The use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for air and terrestrial navigation and for many applications is increasing in the last decades. However, the Earth's ionosphere causes GNSS signal delay due to the total electron content (TEC) and scintillation in the signal phase and amplitude. This scintillation can give rise to deleterious effects in the GNSS positioning. So, it is important to assess the effects of the ionosphere over the GNSS signal. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to have a large spatial and temporal coverage of data from many different sounders, being the GNSS receivers of great importance due to their global coverage and availability. In this work, we present a retrospective of the scintillation monitoring networks in Brazil and their characteristics. As the RBMC network managed by the IBGE provides TEC and as rate of TEC index (ROTI) is well correlated with ionospheric irregularities, we present also the RBMC network description. These RBMC GNSS receivers provide data in regions with scarcity of scintillation monitors. The description of the Ionospheric Scintillation Monitoring Receivers (ISMR) Query Tool, that is a web software that has been supporting research on the ISMR data, is also presented.
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