Siswa mendapatkan nilai di bawah KKM pada tiap ulangan yang disebabkan kurangnya pemahaman siswa dan kesulitan dalam memahami setiap konsep-konsep materi pada tiap tema. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan produk ensiklopedia tematik, mengetahui kelayakan dan mengkaji respon siswa dan wali kelas III SDN Patean II terhadap ensiklopedia tematik. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan pengembangan 4D dari Thiagarajan, yang terdiri dari tahap Defaine, Design dan Development. Untuk instrument pengambilan data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah lembar validasi desain, materi dan format dan angket respon siswa dan wali kelas. Pada tahap uji kelayakan desain mendapatkan presentase 92%, materi 94% dan format 100% yang termasuk kategori sesuai dan tidak revisi. Tahap uji coba awal (Initial Testing) dilakukan pada kelas IV dengan 5 orang dan tahap uji coba kuantitatif (Kuantitaif Testing) dilakukan pasa semua siswa kelas III di SDN Patean II yang berjumlah 9 siswa dan wali kelas. Hasil respon siswa menunjukkan kriteria sangat baik 98% dan hasil respon wali kelas mendapatkan keriteria sangat baik 85%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ensiklopedia tematik layak untuk digunakan.
Pharmacogenomics currently has an essential role in drug discovery and development. Research related to pharmacogenomics has increased rapidly since the human genome project was completed in the early 20th century, increasing awareness of the importance of personalized medicine, which is expected to be safer and more beneficial for human health. Therefore, this article aims to review recent developments regarding pharmacogenomics in drug discovery and development. In addition, this article will also discuss the challenges that still exist in the implementation of pharmacogenomics in drug development and clinical practice. It is hoped that these challenges can be overcome in the future with collaboration between researchers, practitioners, and the government so that precision and personalized therapy can be realized for each individual. Keywords: drug discovery, drug development, pharmacogenetic, pharmacogenomic
There are many bacteria classified as growth enhancer in plants which known as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). PGPR can directly induce plant growth by producing of phytohormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA). The objective of this study was to obtain bacterial isolates of IAA producing rhizobacteria from red onion rhizosphere and to characterize the potential isolates. The methods used in the study were a sampling of soil, isolation of IAA producing rhizobacteria, measurement of IAA by using colorimetric assay, morphological identification of bacterial isolates, measurement of bacterial growth and IAA production, and test of hypersensitivity on tobacco leaves. There were fourteen IAA producing bacterial from red onion rhizosphere. The isolates could produce IAA by colorimetric assay detection. Three isolates produced IAA was higher than other isolates i.e. BIT 2,4 (61.72 ppm), BIS 3,4 (60.92 ppm) and BIT 2,1 (49.3 ppm). Meanwhile, isolate BIT 4,1 produced the lowest IAA as much as 3 ppm. Four isolates were gram-positive bacteria. Isolates BIS 3,4 and BIT 2,1 produced exogenous (extracellular) IAA on stationary phase. Two isolates potential (BIS 3,4 and BIT 2,1) did not cause necrotic symptoms or negative results for the hypersensitivity test on tobacco leaves.
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