Summary
Decrease of rotational mass in modern power systems is a common experience of system operators around the world. The increasing penetration of variable renewable energy production and thus the use of power converters are fundamentally changing the dynamic behaviour of the power system. The aim of the present paper is to provide an overview on the latest advancements of system operators regarding the analysis and mitigation of the reducing inertia. The theoretical background of power system stability and the calculation of the rate of frequency change are introduced to highlight the importance and the weaknesses of certain metrics used by system operators. Specific operational experiences are compared based on peak load and the nature of the systems. Possible responses by system operators which are discussed in the paper include synchronous and synthetic (emulated) inertia, other technical alternatives (virtual synchronous machines, adaptive load‐shedding schemes), and market‐based solutions. Besides summarising the advantages and disadvantages of those, grey areas of regulation and market structure are highlighted to facilitate forward‐thinking.
Global trends such as the growing share of renewable energy sources in the generation mix, electrification, e-mobility, and the increasing number of prosumers reshape the electricity value chain, and distribution systems are necessarily affected. These systems were planned, developed, and operated as a passive structure for decades with low level of observability. Due to the increasing number of system states, real time operation planning and flexibility services are the key in transition to an active grid management. In this pathway, distribution system state estimation (DSSE) has a great potential, but the real demonstration of this technique is in an early stage, especially on low-voltage level. This paper focuses on the gap between theory and practice and summarizes the limits of low-voltage DSSE implementation. The literature and the main findings follow the general structure of a state estimation process (meter placement, bad data detection, observability, etc.) giving a more essential and traceable overview structure. Moreover, the paper provides a comprehensive mapping of the possible use-cases state estimation and evaluates 27 different experimental sites to conclude on the practical applicability aspects.
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