A dynamic simulation model has been developed and validated for the 1.4 million p.e. capacity Budapest Central Wastewater Treatment Plant to support intensification, process development and risk assessment. By the integration of both the biological and physico-chemical processes the technological design of separated units becomes possible as well as the exploration of the connections within the system. The calibration of the model parameters for an operating treatment plant is the key requirement for the proper application of dynamic simulation tool to optimize operational and maintenance conditions and specify the potential development areas. We have done a one-year period of validation which included sensitivity analysis and the simulation of time intervals in the same way as in the calibration process. At the same time we investigated the suitability of the simulation system for real-time operation optimization. As conclusion we ascertained that due to the computational power necessity of a properly detailed model, it is not applicable for real-time operation optimization, nevertheless it is suitable for the detection of the system reactions for long-term changes of the influent load. This means that a properly functioning model is applicable for indicating the development directions.
Biofilm development in a fixed bed biofilm reactor system performing municipal wastewater treatment was monitored aiming at accumulating colonization and maximum biofilm mass data usable in engineering practice for process design purposes. Initially a 6 month experimental period was selected for investigations where the biofilm formation and the performance of the reactors were monitored. The results were analyzed by two methods: for simple, steady-state process design purposes the maximum biofilm mass on carriers versus influent load and a time constant of the biofilm growth were determined, whereas for design approaches using dynamic models a simple biofilm mass prediction model including attachment and detachment mechanisms was selected and fitted to the experimental data. According to a detailed statistical analysis, the collected data have not allowed us to determine both the time constant of biofilm growth and the maximum biofilm mass on carriers at the same time. The observed maximum biofilm mass could be determined with a reasonable error and ranged between 438 gTS/m(2) carrier surface and 843 gTS/m(2), depending on influent load, and hydrodynamic conditions. The parallel analysis of the attachment-detachment model showed that the experimental data set allowed us to determine the attachment rate coefficient which was in the range of 0.05-0.4 m d(-1) depending on influent load and hydrodynamic conditions.
A cikk egy aukción felbukkant, József Attilának tulajdonított kézirat hitelességének kérdését tárgyalja a hozzá kapcsolt rendőrségi irat levéltári szempontok szerinti vizsgálata alapján. Formai jegyek, így a lapon szereplő pecsét, iktatószám, továbbá a rendőri szervezet, az aláíró személye az irat – eredeti pecséttel ellátott, de – hamisított tartalmát támasztják alá.
This article explores the financial and military transformation within the new Habsburg composite state in central Europe after the fateful Battle of Mohács 1526. As an answer to the Ottoman challenge, the Habsburg ruler together with his own lands and those of the wider Reich established an extended border defence system in Hungary and Croatia. During the Long Turkish War (1591/93–1606) all the crucial factors of an early military and fiscal revolution are clearly visible. Thus, the expansion of the Ottoman Empire catalysed the development of a central European defence and financial system. The rudiments of a fiscal-military state can be observed particularly in connection with the Hungarian military border and its operations. The resulting changes laid the basis for a common financial and military framework that also helps explain the ensuing evolution towards a fiscal-military state in the Thirty Years War and beyond.
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