Optimization of pectin extraction from cocoa pod husk was carried out to examine independent variables that affect the quality of pectin obtained and determine the best conditions for the extraction process. In this study, three independent variables thought to contribute to microwave-assisted pectin extraction were used, namely, extraction time (20, 25, and 30 min), microwave power (180, 300, and 450 W), and citric acid concentration (2.5%, 5%, and 10%). Response surface methodology was applied using central composite design (CCD) to examine the effect of independent variables on the parameter measured. Among the seven parameters measured, namely, yield, temperature, moisture content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, and galacturonic acid content, the statistical analysis test showed that the model equations that were suitable for predicting response values were temperature, moisture content, and ash content. Therefore, the optimization of conditions was only reviewed for these three parameters. Optimization results concluded that the factors that had the most significant effect on temperature, moisture content, and ash content were extraction time and microwave power. Optimal conditions for pectin extraction were at 30 min extraction time, 450 W microwave power, and 10% solvent concentration, resulting in a temperature of 104 °C, moisture content of 6%, and ash content of 8%. Other parameter values measured under these conditions were a yield of 21.10%, equivalent weight of 602.40 mg/mol, methoxyl content of 6.07%, and galacturonic acid content of 72.86%. Pectin extracted from cocoa pod husk using this method has the potential to be further applied, especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Water hyacinth is lignocellulosic biomass that has the potential for glucose production because it contains 64.51% cellulose. Hydrolysis of water hyacinth was done in a rotating reactor with a microwave as a heat source. This study aims to obtain glucose by determining the hydrolysis reaction rate constant of power and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration function and to find the best conditions for this hydrolysis process. Several research variables were H2SO4 concentration (0.5 N; 1 N; and 1.5 N), microwave power (600 W and 800 W) and reaction time of 60 minutes. Parameters measured were hydrolyzate temperature, glucose, and cellulose content. The hydrolysis reaction rate constant obtained based on the Arrhenius equation was k =1.30 x 10-2 e-132.172/T and the relationship between H2SO4 concentration and microwave power was C = 0.001P. The best conditions were obtained using 1 N H2SO4 and microwave power of 600 W with final glucose content of 486 mg/L.
The world's energy supply is very dependent on non-renewable energy in the form of fossil fuels. This causes fossil fuels depletion and the need for alternative energy sources such as biogas. Biogas is produced from the fermentation process of organic matter with the help of anaerobic bacteria in free oxygen absence. This study aims to produce biogas from cabbage and tomato waste separately. Biogas production was carried out by varying feed concentrations of 100 g/L, 200 g/L, and 300 g/L for cabbage waste and 81.6 g/L; 215 g/L; and 237 g/L for tomato waste. This study consisted of 10 days seeding and acclimatization process, followed by a start-up stage using insulated anaerobic bioreactors. The largest methane from cabbage and tomato waste was 60% at a feed concentration of 200 g/L and 50% at a feed concentration of 237 g/L, respectively. The maximum growth rates (µm) for biogas from cabbage and tomato waste were 0.122 day-1 and 0.121 day-1, respectively.
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