Oil palm frond is a lignocellulose material, by pyrolysis, it will produce liquid smoke which have many advantages because of the compounds, such as acetic acid, carbonyls and phenolics contained in it. The pyrolysis of oil palm fronds in this study carried out at temperatures 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C for 40 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes. There were 3 parameters observed in this study, they were acetic acid, phenolics and carbonyl contents which were analyzed by GC-MS instrument. The results of the study showed that the different temperatures and times of pyrolysis affected the content of chemical components in liquid smoke and acetic acid was the most dominant component obtained in the liquid smoke. The highest acetic acid content in the liquid smoke obtained was 92,30% at pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C for 120 minutes. Meanwhile, the highest total phenolic content obtained was 7,32% at pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C for 120 minutes and the highest carbonyl content obtained was 32,56% at the pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C for 60 minutes
Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) is convertible into glucose by hydrolysis process, which usually
requires a catalyst. A solid acid catalyst of sulfonated carbon was used in this work. This study aimed
to observe the viability of candlenut shell as carbonaceous source in solid acid catalyst production and
to characterize the sulfonated carbon. The carbonization was performed at 250-550 ºC for 4 h, while
sulfonation was carried out at 100-180 ºC for 6 h. Sulfonated carbon was then characterized by
H+ activity/acid density test, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(SEM-EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Sulfonated carbon was then tested
as a heterogeneous catalyst for hydrolysis reaction. The reaction was performed in a stainless steel
batch reactor at 100 ºC for 6 h. Glucose formed by hydrolysis was measured by dinitrosalicylic acid
(DNS) method. Results of this study suggested that sulfonated carbon derived from candlenut shell
may be used as a catalyst for cogon grass cellulose hydrolysis to produce glucose
The using of fuel oil is very consumptive so that it increases every year, as decreasing the availability of non-renewable natural resources, therefore the use of alternative energy (renewable energy). Renewable energy is a natural source of energy produced that will not be exhausted and can be sustainable if managed properly, among another biofuel. The purpose of this article to review the potential of tropical fruit seeds: durian, avocado, and jackfruit as raw materials for bioethanol production include stages: starch extraction, hydrolysis process using acid as catalyst, and fermentation. From available research data, the potential of tropical fruit seeds needs to be developed as raw material for making bioethanol.
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