Abstract-This study investigates the learners' attitudes towards using academic, collaborative and social interaction in e-learning portal environment. Academic interaction consists of interaction between learners and online learning resources such as online reading, online explanation, online examination and also online question answering. Collaborative interaction occurs when learners interact among themselves using online group discussion. Social interaction happens when learners and instructors participate in the session either via online text chatting or voice chatting. The study employed quantitative methodology where data were collected through questionnaire that was administered to 933 distance education students from Bachelor of Management, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Social Science and Bachelor of Art. The survey responses were tabulated in a 5-point Likert scale and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 12.0 based on frequency and percentage distribution. The result of the study suggested that among three types of interaction, most of the student prefer academic interaction for their learning supports in elearning portal compared to collaborative and social interaction. They wish to interact with learning content rather than interact with people. They prefer to read and learn from the resources rather than sharing knowledge among themselves and instructors via collaborative and social interaction.
This study examines the difference in the simultaneous impact of Cash Flow from Operating Activities (CFO), Cash Flow from Investing Activities (CFI), and Cash Flow from Financing Activities (CFF) on Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) between Indonesian and Malaysian commercial banks. By considering the comparability of capital performance post-financial crisis of 2007 to 2008, this study adopted the purposive secondary data published by the big five banks from 2009 to 2013. An E-view statistical software was applied to the panel data to provide coefficients of discrete multivariate regressions between countries and a hypothesis test. The results showed that all Indonesian banks’ CF items negatively correlated with the CAR. Similar correlations also occur for both CFO and CFF on CAR of Malaysian commercial banks, but on the other hand, a positive correlation occurs in the CFI and CAR relationship for Malaysian Commercial banks. Based on a Chow test on the regression outputs, this study concludes that the CFI is the distinguishing factor in the CF’s impact on CAR in the comparison scenario. The finding confirms that Malaysian commercial banks enjoy the Cash Flow stemming from the gains of past investing activities to increase the CAR under study. On the Indonesian side, the negative correlations of CFI, along with CFO and CFF against the CAR alert that refers to the basic CAR formula, the increases in CAR occur concurrently with the annual CFI decreases to spend on investing activities by long term financing. Even though the newest investment contributes to low gains that are inadequate to raise the banks’ equity capital over the increase of risk-weighted assets sooner in the short run.
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