Purpose This study aims to investigate how women social entrepreneurs in Indonesia use various behaviors to address challenges to their leadership authority created by socioreligious patriarchal norms in this Muslim society. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory study of six Muslim women social entrepreneurs was conducted using multiround, semistructured interviews in a contrast sample of three women who work with their husbands and three women who work without their husband’s involvement. Findings The study identifies a variety of leadership behaviors that women entrepreneurs use to mitigate the constraining impact of strong patriarchal religious gender norms. Observations revealed surprisingly effective micro adjustments often based on relationship-specific private negotiations between the entrepreneurs and their husbands. Research limitations/implications Future research focused on the husbands’ perspectives and behaviors, as well as extensions to other patriarchal religions and societies, are encouraged. Practical implications Recognition of the crucial role of spousal relationships suggests the need for more holistic approaches to support women social entrepreneurship, e.g. by integrating husbands into related outreach programs. Social implications Religious gender stereotypes such as the stronger altruistic orientation of women can help counteract, to a degree, Muslim patriarchal norms when women lead social enterprises. Leadership of social enterprises by women promises to promote more gender equality over time, even if associated private and relationship-specific accommodations are not intended to challenge religious gender norms. Originality/value This study contributes to emerging research on the crucial role of spousal relationships for women’s entrepreneurship and the impact of private micro arrangements between spouses to mitigate the constraining impact of Muslim gender norms. Muslim women entrepreneurs approved of the religious gender norms that constrained them, in contrast to the more “feminist” perspectives common in women entrepreneurs in more secular and Christianity-dominated western societies.
Tourists are often less concerned about the preservation of tourist attractions, such as littering and scribble area attractions. For that, the Government of Indonesia has done the concept of sustainable management of the travel industry, namely agro-ecotourism. Agro-ecotourism is basically agro industry managed with the principles of sustainable development. That is, not only increase the economic value, but it has the added value of natural recreational or ecotourism that has value and aesthetic beauty. Agro-ecotourism through Cooperative can give benefits to local communities if it is managed through a Cooperative. It becomes a way to develop a district economy, because it can reduce unemployment and increase society income. So, it will increase society welfare, especially coffee farmer. Besides that, from the aspect of the attraction, potential products of agro-ecotourism region have unique and diverse activities that could serve as a strong the attractor factor for both international tourists and domestic tourists. This paper considers the theoretical frameworks that link agro-ecotourism and Cooperative. Silo sub district is one of the areas that have the potential to become agro-ecotourism area, because it has the greatest coffee potential in Jember District. The implementation of agro-ecotourism through Cooperative is supported by several stakeholders, such as government and association of tourism entrepreneur (travel agency association, the association of Indonesia Hotel and Restaurant Entrepreneur, tour guide associations). But there are other parties that could support Agro-ecotourism Cooperative development especially in Silo, such as coffee exporter and research institution. Coffee exporters will provide an opportunity for cooperatives to market their products abroad while research institution (Coffee Research Center) could assist in improving quality of coffee.
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