A total of 504 observations of nest building behaviour and the re-use of sleeping nests exhibited by 10 individuals of Sulawesi babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis) were made in spacious outdoor enclosures on Bali, Indonesia. We recorded behavioural characteristics associated with the timing of nest building behaviour, nest sites, and selection of nestbuilding materials. Both sexes frequently participated in the construction of sleeping nests during the short period from 17:00 hr to 18:00 hr, which corresponded to the period between the evening feed and the time of sunset. Young babirusa contributed from the age of 15 weeks. The babirusa favoured specific nesting sites in the enclosures determined by available structural supports such as walls, trees or corners. Various kinds of plant materials available in the enclosure were used. In addition to picking up fallen plant matters, they also pulled various parts off trees while standing on the hind limbs. In one instance, parts of a wooden fence were used due to the lack of other nesting materials. When housed as a group, consistent leadership of the nesting behaviour was not recognised; they seemed to prefer cooperative behaviour and built a communal nest. We concluded that nest building behaviour, for resting and sleeping, was a normal and important behaviour of the babirusa and that the provision of nest building materials to captive babirusa was an effective form of enrichment.
Population structure, growth, length-weight relationship, mortality and stock size of tench, Tinca tinca (L.), was studied in Lake Beys¸ehir, Turkey in 2005. Totals of 3360 tench (1865 males; 1795 females) were captured with gill-and trammel-nets of various mesh sizes. Male to female ratio was 1.04 : 1. The study covered length year classes. Fork lengths and total weights ranged from 9 to 37 cm and 13 to 815 g. For all individuals, the von Bertalanffy growth equation and lengthweight relationship were L t = 54.2[1)exp()0.1350(t + 1.0281)] and W = 0.0151 L 2.9993 , respectively. Growth performance index and mean condition factor of the tench population were 2.598 and 1.513, respectively. Mortality rates were Z = 1.97 year )1 , M = 0.29 year )1 and F = 1.68 year )1 for total, natural, and fishing mortality, respectively. The exploitation rate was E = 0.85, and the percentage of surviving fish was 13.9%. Tench stock was assessed as about 6-7 million individuals and 1450-1500 tonnes in biomass. It was determined that maximum sustainable yield could be obtained with an 80% level of the current fishing effort.
This paper was carried out from 15 June to 24 December in 2000 in Lake İznik of Turkey, to determine catch per unit effort (CPUE) and size composition of crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz 1823, captured by fyke-nets of local fishermen. The average CPUE of all size groups was found as 1.65 crayfish/fyke-net/night for fishing season in 2000, but 26.4% of which was below the legal minimum size (crayfish<90 mm). The average CPUE of legal-sized (crayfish≥90 mm) crayfish was 1.10 crayfish/fykenet/night. The annual catch of crayfish was estimated as 2990 tonnes. The length and weight compositions of crayfish captured in the fyke-nets have varied between 60 and 130 mm, and 6 and 71 g, respectively. The mean length and weight were found as 95.5 mm and 28.8 g for all size groups and 100.1 mm and 33.0 g for legal-sized individuals.
The feeding behaviours of the Sulawesi babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis) were investigated in an enclosure imitating the early phase of a commercial coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) grove. Unexpected behaviours, such as the eating of coconut flowers and the picking of young coconut fruits, were observed. Additionally, we conducted experiments in which we fed several different parts of the coconut palm to the animals. We found the following: 1) coconut seedlings and leaflets were not eaten; 2) the babirusas preferred to eat staminate flowers rather than carpellate flowers; 3) the babirusas were able to crush the young coconut fruits with its teeth, but failed to open the mature coconuts; 4) the maxillary and mandibular incisors gripped the coconut, and the tip of the mandibular incisor was then used to penetrate the coconut surface to crack it open; 5) the palatable parts were the kernel and haustorium of the mature coconut.The coconut parts eaten by the babirusas in the experiment were concordant with the pieces of broken kernels and haustorium scattered over coconut groves in copra production. These pieces have no economic value for the farmer.There was insufficient evidence to support the view that babirusas moving through coconut groves constitute vermin for the coconut farmers and copra producers.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the population structure, length-weight relationship (LWR) and growth of white seabream, Diplodus sargus sargus (L., 1758) in Beymelek Lagoon, Turkey. Samples were collected by gilland trammel nets of various mesh sizes, February 2006 to January 2007. A total of 355 specimens (51 males; 34 females; 270 unidentified) were collected. Male to female ratio was 1.50 : 1. Ages ranged from 0 to 3 years; about 70% were juveniles. Most fish were between 13 and 16 cm in total length and below 90 g in weight. The LWR of all individuals was W = 0.0140 9 L 3.1028 . The von Bertalanffy growth equation was calculated as L t = 39.9 9 [1 -exp (À0.268 9 (t + 1.753)] and the growth performance index (Φ 0 ) was 6.056.
Efficiencies of different trammel net types on capture of tench, Tinca tinca L. were investigated in Lake Beyşehir in Turkey between April 1998 and August 1999. Nets with an inner wall of monofilament and outer walls of multifilament (type A) were more efficient than the other net types (type B, monofilament inner and outer walls; type C, multifilament inner wall and monofilament outer walls; and D, multifilament inner and outer walls). Type A nets were 2.08, 1.79 and 1.08 times more effective than the types D, C and B for catching tench. Monofilament inner walls of trammel nets were on average 1.85 times more effective than multifilament inner walls. No significant difference in catching efficiency of monofilament and multifilament outer walls was found (P>0.05). The average size of tench caught in monofilament trammel nets was higher than those caught in multifilament trammel nets, although not significantly different.
B aşta coğrafik izolasyon olmak üzere düşük tuzluluk, yüksek hipoksik miktarı ve derinliği 100-250 m'nin altındaki suların anoksik olması nedeniyle Karadeniz'deki biyolojik çeşitlilik düşüktür. Bu nedenle yalnızca mutur (Phocoena phocoena), kısa gagalı yunus (Delphinus delphis) ve afalina (Tursiops truncatus) olmak üzere üç yunus türü yaşamaktadır. Sunulan bu çalışmada türlerin biyolojik özellikleri, ekolojik istekleri, yaşam alanları üzerinde durulmuş, gerek ekosisteme gerekse balıkçılığa etkileri üzerine değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Deniz memelileri gibi birçok türün özellikle antropojenik etmenler sonucunda olumsuz olarak etkilenmesinden dolayı Dünya Koruma Birliği (IUCN) tarafından "Kırmızı Liste" de Delphinus delphis türü en az tehlikede (LC), Akdeniz alt popülasyonu ise soyu tehlike altında (EN) olarak, Phocoena phocoena türü en az tehlikede (LC), Tursiops truncatus türü en az tehlikede (LC), Tursiops truncatus türünün Akdeniz alt popülasyonu ise hassas (VU) şeklinde belirtilmiştir. 280-360 mm ağ göz açıklığına sahip kalkan ağlarıyla gerçekleştirilen balıkçılıkta, yunusların istenmeden avlanması ve büyük olasılıkla ölmesi ya da öldürülmesi bu etkilerin başında gelmektedir. Ayrıca, özellikle 32-44 mm ağ göz açıklığına sahip dip uzatma ağlarıyla yapılan avcılıkta, yunusların ağlara yakalanmış balıkları çalması ve bu sırada ağları parçalaması da balıkçılık üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye yol açmaktadır.
ÖZETBilgi teknolojilerinin hızla geliştiği ve dijital dönüşümün dalga dalga ilerlediği bu dönemde, liman işletmelerinin teknolojik yeniliklere en geç adapte olan sektörlerin içinde yer aldığı görülmektedir. Ancak dijitalizasyonu geç benimseyen işletmelerin rekabet gücünde azalma, pazar payını kaybetme ve hatta yok olma riski ile karşı karşıya kalabilecekleri çok bilinen bir gerçektir. Bu bağlamda liman işletmelerinin de dijital teknolojileri ve stratejileri erken benimsemesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.Bu çalışmada Türkiye limancılık sektörünün mevcut dijitalizasyon uygulamalarına ve potansiyellerine odaklanılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren 22 konteyner limanının, 30.06.2018-30.06.2019 tarihleri arasında, çevrim içi yazılı medyada yayınlanan haber niteliğindeki içerikleri derlenmiştir. Google arama motoru aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilen tarama sonucunda 268 adet haber niteliğinde yazılı medya içeriğine ulaşılmıştır. İçerikler NVIVO-10 programı yardımıyla dijitalleşme kapsamında analiz edilmiş ve bir kelime bulutu oluşturulmuştur. Analizler neticesinde dijitalleşmeyle en fazla gündeme gelen limanların Port Akdeniz, Asyaport, DP World ve MIP olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Otomasyon ve uzaktan kumandalı sistemler, simülasyon ve takip sistemleri ise en fazla konu olan dijital teknolojiler olmuştur.Araştırma sonucunda Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren limanların dijitalleşmeyi yeteri kadar gündeme getirmediği anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak dijital teknolojilerin birçoğunun limanlara uygulanabilirliği ve gelecek açısından sunduğu fırsatlar gözönünde bulundurulduğunda limanların dijitalleşmeye hazır olmaları ve etkin bir şekilde benimsemeleri gerekmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca dünya genelinde dijitalleşme öncüsü sayılabilecek limanların teknolojik iş modellerine yönelik genel bir bakış sunulmaktadır.Anahtar Sözcükler: Denizcilik, dijital dönüşüm, dijitalleşme, konteyner limanı.
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