Ochratoxins are a hazardous group of mycotoxins produced as secondary metabolites by several fungi of the Aspergillus and Penicillium families. Ochratoxins have been detected and determined in foods and beverages, including barley, malt and beer, at ppb levels. Varied analytical methods have been developed for the detection of ochratoxin A [OTA] in cereals and beer. Ochratoxin A has hazardous effects on health and has been classified within group 2B, as a possible human carcinogen by IARC. Scientists have expressed great concern about the presence of ochratoxin A in foods. In this article, chemical structure, biosynthesis by microorganisms, analytical methods for testing, regulations, changes during brewing, and detoxification of OTA, are reviewed. Beer poses very little risk as a source of ochratoxin in the diet.

Local resection of percreta site is an effective, safe and fertility preserving approach that can be applied to manage the postpartum hemorrhage and preservation of uterus in patients with placenta percreta.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Uterine preservation is an important issue when managing PPH. BBT is an effective, easy to use, and safe procedure for massive PPH that can minimize recourse to hysterectomy after failed medical treatment.

Our study demonstrated a significant reduction in pain in patients who received a single rectal dose of indomethacin; therefore, we recommend the use of rectal indomethacin for reducing pain during a HSG procedure.

No abstract