Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the demographic profile of supernumerary molar (SM) teeth in people in various regions of Turkey. Study Design: A retrospective analysis was carried out on an initial sample of 104,902 subjects drawn from the ortopantographics files from 10 clinics in 7 Turkish cities with documentation of demographic data, the presence of SM teeth, their location, eruption, morphology, and position within the arch. In one region associated patho­logies and treatments were also evaluated. Results: Three hundred fifty-one SMs were detected in 288 patients, constituting 0.33% of the study subjects, with a greater frequency in females (56.4%). SMs were found more frequently in the maxilla (87.7%) than in the mandible, and distomolars (62.9%) were more common than paramolars. The SMs encountered were mostly of conical shape (45.7%), impacted (81.1%), and in a vertical position (52.1). The 33% of SM teeth were related to impacted molar teeth. Conclusion: The most common complication involving these teeth was soft tissue irritation. Demographic data from such specific extensive studies are crucial for improved diagnosis of SM teeth. Early detection allows for measures against complications and more successful therapy. Key words:Supernumerary molars, distomolar, paramolar, prevalence.

Compound odontomas rarely erupt into the mouth. The presented case is the 13 th case of erupted compound odontoma reported in the literature. The treatment of choice is surgical removal of the odontoma. In the case of odontomas associated to impacted teeth, the teeth should be preserved in wait of spontaneous eruption, or alternatively fenestration followed by orthodontic traction is indicated. Regular follow-up period is crucial to evaluate the prognosis of these teeth.

Objectives This retrospective study used panoramic radiographs of a large number of Turkish patients to determine the prevalence of tooth agenesis. Methods Data from a total of 100,577 patients were collected from six different regions of Turkey. Five experienced dentists independently examined the files, which included panoramic radiographs and demographic data (age and gender). Tooth agenesis was evaluated for hypodontia and oligodontia. Third molars were excluded from the study. Proportions were compared by using a z test, and to detect relationships between categorical variables a chi-square test was performed to determine statistical significance at a level of P \ 0.05. Results Among the 100,577 patients, in total 3,147 teeth were found to be developmentally absent. The prevalence of tooth agenesis and oligodontia in this Turkish population was 3.12 and 0.07%, respectively. Females were more frequently affected than males, and tooth agenesis was found in the maxilla more often than in the mandible. Bilateral agenesis was more common than unilateral. The study found nearly equivalent numbers on the right and left sides, so the ratios of incidence in the two sides were almost identical. Conclusions Within the limitations of the study, the present data involve an extensive sample population collected from Turkey's different regions; thus, the findings of this study reflect actual information regarding tooth agenesis throughout the Turkish population.

No previous studies in the literature have examined in detail so many cases with ST. The demographic profile of the patients with ST presented herein provides useful additional epidemiological information.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the reasons for the persistence of primary teeth and also use panoramic radiography to determine the characteristics of persistence teeth. Four-hundred and twenty-six panoramic radiographies, which diagnosed one or more retained primary teeth, were selected from 100,577 panoramic radiographic image files from nine clinics and six different cities in Turkey. The selected radiographies were evaluated to determine the reasons for the persistence of primary teeth; furthermore, this study analyzed the characteristics of the retained primary teeth including tooth type, number, location, and root resorption, and whether, or not, the primary teeth showed evidence of pathological conditions, such as periodontal problems, caries, ankylosis, infra-occlusions, or tipping of the adjacent permanent teeth. Six hundred and seventy-seven retained primary teeth were determined in 426 patients (148 males and 278 females). Retained primary teeth were found most frequently in the mandible rather than the maxilla and the left side was more frequently affected than the right side. Level 1 was found as a most frequently encountered root resorption level. Within the limitation of the present study, the most common type of persistent primary teeth seen on the dental arch were mandibular primary second molars, followed by maxillary primary canines. The most frequent reason for the persistence was the congenital absence of successors to the primary teeth, followed by impaction of the successor teeth.

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively analyze 170 case series of patients with 200 impacted first and second permanent molars. Study Design: Records of 104.408 patients were retrospectively screened in this multicenter study. The chosen study population consists of 170 patients who presented with impacted or retained first and second permanent molar. All patients with impacted first or second permanent molar had undergone clinical and radiographic examinations. The following factors were analyzed: age and gender, frequency, distribution, location, position, the number of impacted tooth, primary and secondary retention, degree of infraocclusion, associated pathologic conditions and treatment method. Results: There were a total of 170 patients (male: 91, female: 79, mean ages 22.69±8.99 years ranging from 13 to 66 years of age) with 200 retained or impacted permanent molars in 104.408 patients. In this study, 200 impacted teeth which were analyzed were 125 molars (62.5%) vertical position, 17 (8.5%) horizontal, 38 (19%) mesioangular, 12 (6%) distoangular, and 7 (3.5%) buccolingual inclination. There were 52 primarily retained (26%) and 32 secondarily retained (16%) molars. 137 (68.5%) molars were asymptomatic. Cystic formation was present in 13 (6.5%) cases. Conclusions: Although the impactions of first and second permanent molars do not occur frequently, it is important to make an early diagnosis in order to start treatment at the optimal time.

The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of modified plate techniques using a newly designed three-dimensional test model after sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Fifteen synthetic polyurethane mandibular replicas were used and divided into 3 groups. Self-tapping 6-mm titanium screws with an outer diameter of 2.0 mm and private designed plates produced by 316-L stainless steel were used in the study. After the osteotomy, the distal part was advanced by 5 mm. The jaw models were placed to the three-dimensional test model designed by the authors, and the Instron Lloyd LRX device was used to apply a double-sided tensile force from the mandible angulus region of each group. Resistance forces that caused a displacement of 1.5 and 3 mm were recorded with the Instron program. The mean (SD) of the 3 groups were calculated using analysis of variance and the Tukey test. The results were compared statistically, with values of P < 0.05 determined as statistically significant. On the basis of the results of the Tukey comparison within the groups, there was a statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 and between groups 1 and 3 at both 1.5- and 3-mm displacement (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between groups 2 and 3 (P > 0.05). This test model was able to identify the most appropriate plate type of 3 different modified plate techniques after sagittal split ramus osteotomy.

Screws with different levels of compression force are available for scaphoid fixation and it is known that the Acutrak screw generates greater compression than the Herbert screw. We retrospectively compared two types of headless compression screw for their effectiveness in the repair of scaphoid nonunion. Twenty-nine cases of proximal scaphoid nonunion were surgically treated with non-vascularised bone graft: the Acutrak screw was used in 17 patients and the cannulated Herbert screw in 12 patients. Wrist range of motion, Mayo wrist score, grip strength and QuickDASH scores were indicators used for the functional evaluation. Radiographic findings were assessed for consolidation of nonunion and signs of arthrosis. The mean follow-up time was 49.2 months (range 12-96). Statistically, there was no significant difference between the Acutrak and Herbert screw types in terms of functional evaluation and time required for consolidation. Greater compression did not influence the functional outcome, consolidation rate or time to consolidation. The need for greater compression in the treatment of proximal scaphoid nonunions is thus questionable because it may increase the risk of proximal fragment communition.