The stifle joint is one of the most important joints in dogs from the orthopaedic point of view. The aim of this study was to document the morphometric values of femoral condyles, given the close relationship between the shape and function of an anatomic structure. The left femora of 16 mid-sized dogs were used, and diameter and nine radii as well as cranial and caudal bow lengths from each condyle were measured. The photographs were taken of the distal femora from both sides. All measurements were obtained from these images by using software. Additionally, the rotation angle was calculated from the intercondylar distance and the difference between lateral and medial bow lengths. In addition to the rotation angle, the difference of diameter and nine radii between the lateral and medial condyles was determined. All radii except getting at 90° were significantly different between the medial and lateral condyles. The greatest values were determined in the caudal part of the medial condyle. This results the smaller contact area and a greater pressure on the underlying surface, and therefore the meniscus and articular cartilage of the caudal part of the medial side suggests the possibility of a risk of injury as the stifle joint flexes. The mean rotational angle of the femur was also calculated to be 2.18° laterally and 1.02° medially in the caudal and cranial parts of condyles, respectively. The result of this study showed that the lateral and medial condyles had different shapes in canine femur.
The aim of this study was to determine the course of the median nerve and its adjacent structures in the carpal canals of 8 healthy dogs by using high-frequency transducers. Before performing ultrasonography, the transverse and posteroanterior diameters as well as the perimeter of the carpus were measured at just proximal to the side of the carpal pad. The anatomical structures were then determined at two levels of the carpal canal, which were named the proximal and distal levels, on the transverse sonograms. The cross-sectional areas, perimeters and the transverse and posteroanterior diameters of the median nerve were measured at these levels. Although all the measurements were larger at the proximal level, significant differences between the proximal and distal levels were determined for the cross-sectional area, the perimeter and the transverse diameter of the median nerve. On the transverse sonogram, the deep digital flexor tendon was seen in almost the center of the carpal canal like a comma shape and also it had a small concavity on the caudal side. The superficial digital flexor tendon was seen as an ovoid shape on the transverse sonograms and it was located nearly at the posterior side of the carpal canal. Both tendons were seen as intermediate-grade echogenic structures. The median artery was located inside of the concavity of the deep digital flexor tendon. Also, the median nerve was seen at the posteromedial side of the median artery. As a result of this study, the cross-sectional areas of the median nerve ranged between 1.01-2.68 mm2 at the proximal level and between 0.93-1.91 mm2 at the distal level.
The aim of this study was to test the applicability of electrical stimulation of lumbar spinal nerve roots and obtain normative electrical root stimulation (ERS) data for L7 nerve root and sciatic nerve in dogs. For that purpose ERS and sciatic nerve stimulations were performed consecutively, in totally 40 healthy dogs. ERS was applied in the L7/S1 intervertebral space via monopolar needle electrodes. Muscle responses were recorded from the gastrocnemius muscles on the left and right hind limbs. Sciatic nerve stimulation was performed at the greater trochanter level on the left hind limb, with records obtained from the left gastrocnemius muscle. Mean root latencies of the left and right side were 5.22 ± 0.49 ms and 5.29 ± 0.53 ms, respectively. There was no significant difference in root latency between the right and left sides. The mean terminal latency was 3.82 ± 0.46 ms. The proximal motor nerve conduction velocity of the sciatic nerve was 63.15 ± 3.43 m/s. The results of this study show that ERS provides objective data about the integrity of lumbar spinal nerve roots by evaluating the entire population of motor fibres and total length of the motor axon in dogs. ERS can be considered a useful diagnostic method for confirmation of diagnoses of lumbosacral diseases.
Summary:Mediterranean monk seal is one of the endangered species and it is estimated that the total number of this aquatic mammal is less than 600 all over the world. The cranium and the mandible of 2 male and 1 female seals which lived in Turkish coasts and washed ashore as dead were examined morphometrically and macro anatomically. The craniometric measurements were carried out from the reference points. The mean weight of the cranium and the mandible was 1168 g and mean length of the cranium, from acrocranion to prosthion, was 26.86 cm, mean length of the mandible, from condylar process to cranial part of alveolar (infradental) arch, was measured as 20.03 cm. The aim of this study which included 35 parameters for cranium and 11 parameters for mandible was to reveal the morphometric and certain macroanatomic data concerning the Mediterranean monk seal lived in Turkish coasts and to shed a light to the studies on the endangered species.Keywords: Craniometry, cranium, Mediterranean monk seal, morphometry Akdeniz Foku (Monachus monachus, Hermann 1779) kafatasının kraniyometrik ölçüleri ve bazı anatomik özellikleriÖzet: Akdeniz Foku nesli tükenmekte olan hayvanlar arasında bulunan bir deniz memelisidir ve sayısının dünya genelinde 600'den daha az olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Türkiye kıyılarında yaşamış ve ölü olarak kıyıya vurmuş Akdeniz foklarından 2 erkek, 1 dişi olmak üzere toplam 3 adet ergin hayvanın cranium ve mandibula'ları morfometrik ve makroanatomik olarak değerlendirilmiş ve referans gösterilen noktalardan kafatası ölçümleri alınmıştır. Kafatasının mandibula ile birlikte ortalama ağırlığı 1168 gr, kafatasının ortalama uzunluğu (akrokranion'dan -prosthion'a) 26,86 cm, mandibula uzunluğu da [processus condylaris'ten -arcus alveolaris'in ön ucuna (infradentale)] ortalama 20,03 cm olarak ölçülmüştür. Kafatasında 35, mandibula'da 11 parametrenin alındığı bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye kıyılarında yaşayan Akdeniz Foklarının kafatasına ait morfometrik ve bazı makro anatomik bilgileri ortaya koymak, ayrıca nesli tükenmekte olan hayvanlarda yürütülen çalışmalara ışık tutmaktır.
The intercondylar fossa (ICF) indices can be used to evaluate fossa geometry, which may in turn affect the function, pathology and intracapsular surgical repair of the cranial cruciate ligament. The measurements of digital images of the distal femur of 44 dogs were used to calculate the fossa width, shape, height and area indices. The mean values of fossa width index were found to be 0.19, 0.28 and 0.37 at the cranial, central, and caudal levels of the fossa, respectively. The mean values for fossa shape, height and area indices were found to be 0.71, 0.33, and 0.16, respectively. The differences in ICF indices between male and female dog were not significant. Therefore, it is suggested that gender differences related to ICF geometry may not have any effect on incidence of cranial cruciate ligament injury in dogs.
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