Background and Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), one of the most serious global health issues, is considered chronic inflammatory states. Chemerin, Il-18 and Il-1 beta adipocytokines, plays an important role in linking Met S and inflammation. Few studies are conducted in Egypt to disclose the role of chemerin, Il-18 and Il-1 beta as combined biomarkers to increase its diagnostic accuracy. So the aim of our study was to evaluate the role of serum chemerin Il-18 and Il-1 beta as combined biomarkers for early detection of metabolic syndrome due to different genetic and environmental backgrounds. Methods:The study enrolled 171 participants divided into three groups, 57 children in each group. Group I:, 57 healthy control children group II obese children without metabolic syndrome and obese children with metabolic syndrome in Group 3 and. ranging in age from 5 to 17, were included in the study. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were taken of the participants.Fasting blood glucose, serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were measured. ELISA was used to assess the amounts of circulating chemerin.Results: Met S requirements were satisfied by 57 individuals. Abdominal obesity was the most common Met S predictor (84.2%), followed by impaired fasting blood sugar (73.7%), and then each of high triglyceride and low HDL (68.4%). Serum chemerin levels were significantly higher in Met S than in non-Met S obese and healthy subjects (1211.7 ± 1569 ng/ml VS 337.5 ± 34.8 ng/ml and 470.3 ± 475.8 ng/ml respectively, p ˂ 0.001). Serum chemerin levels were shown to be substantially linked with impaired fasting blood sugar (r = 0.398, p = 0.009) and low HDL (r = -0.386, p = 0.012) by correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. Conclusion:Circulating chemerin Il-18 and Il-1 beta , levels were associated with metabolic syndrome and could be independent markers for this disorder.

Within the UN Convention on the rights of the children (CRC) ratified by all countries, except the USA‫و‬ the CRC declares that all children (aged 0-18years) are entitled to survival, protection, development, and participation, the convention is legally binding. (1)

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Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a key factor that impact the family functioning. Results from previous studies demonstrated that low SES status was associated with less satisfaction in several areas of family functioning. Objectives: To describe the family function status patterns and associated socioeconomic status variables in a rural sample of Egyptian families. Subjects and methods: This study was carried out as a cross-sectional survey in a three rural Family Medicine Centres, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt in November 2022. An estimated total sample size of 164 participants was included. Each participant was interviewed to complete an Arabic version of Apgar questionnaire for the family function status assessment and the scale of socioeconomic status for health research in Egypt in sequence. Results: Eighty-two families representing 48.2% were in middle SES grade, 79 families representing 46.5% were in low SES grade, 9 families representing 5.3% were in very low SES grade, and 0 (0%) were in high SES grade. The family function status categories showed 43.5% of families were in highly functional category,49.4% were in moderately dysfunctional category, and 7.1% were in severely dysfunctional category. Mean score SES for the highly functional families was significantly different from the moderately dysfunctional families; 44.35 ± 11.28 (SD) vs 38.68 ± 11.09 (SD), respectively. Total SES score, education, and culture domain of SES scale showed a statistically significant positive moderate correlation with family function status total score (r 0.215, P< 0.005, r 0.225, P < 0.003). Conclusions: More than fifty percent of rural Egyptian families in this study lie in low, and very low SES status. Socioeconomic status score of highly functional families was significantly higher than the score of moderately dysfunctional families. SES score, and education, and culture domain showed a significant positive moderate correlation with the family function status score.

Background: Depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the general population worldwide. Evidence suggests a longitudinal reciprocal bi-directional relationship between depression and type 2 diabetes. This study aims at detecting the relationship between diabetic control and spectrum of depressive disorders among patients with type II diabetes attending health insurance medical complex, between January and March 2022, Ismailia city, Egypt. Methods: This study recruited 105 patients with type II diabetes randomly selected from patients attending the specialized endocrinology and diabetes center, and matched on a regular basis with another 105 non-diabetic individuals randomly selected from new patients attending for general medical check up covered by the comprehensive medical insurance pilot in Egypt run in Ismailia Governorate. Brief medical history and examination was carried out for all participants including, duration of type 2 DM diagnosis, presence of diabetic complications, and smoking status, and BMI recording, followed by interview for self-completion of the “Beck Depression inventory II scale”. A venous blood sample, in a non-fasting state, was drawn for measuring the HbA1C% in the same session. Results: The means of HbA1c% in in diabetic group was 8.7% +2.1, compared with 5.3 + 0.44 in non-diabetic group. Assessment of the prevalence and grades of depression in the two study groups, showed a highly statistically significant difference in the prevalence of depression, with 55 subjects representing 52.4% in the diabetic group, compared with 11 subjects, representing 10.5% in the non-diabetic group. The grades of severity of depression between the two groups showed also a highly statistically significant difference with 33.3%, 15.2%, and 3.8% respectively for mild, moderate, and severe depression in the diabetic groups, compared with 8.6%, 1.9%, and 0% respectively for mild, moderate, and severe depression in the non-diabetic groups. High statistically significant difference in Beck ‘depression inventory Score (BDI-II) between the two groups was shown, with mean score of 14.2 + 7.6 in the diabetic group, compared with 9.8 + 3.3 in the non-diabetic group. A linear correlation manner was shown between HbA1c%, and BDI-II score in all of the study participants, and in the diabetic group a moderate correlation was shown between BDI-II and HbA1c% with r coefficient 0.37 that was highly statistically significant (P< 0.001). The results of binary regression analysis model for prediction of depression, showed among several independent factors selected, that smoking, and presence of diabetic complications were statistically significant predictors (P = 0.016, and 0.013, respectively), and glycemic control (HbA1c%) was highly statistically significant predictor (P < 0.001) Conclusion: In this study, poor glycemic control reflected in glycosylated hemoglobin percent (HbA1c%), was shown to be closely related to higher percentages of all grades of depressive disorders as assessed by BDI-II scale when comparing type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients, and among the type 2 diabetic patients. The correlation between glycemic control and the spectrum of depressive disorders was moderate, and depicted a linear relationship. Glycemic control was shown to be the strongest predictor of depressive disorders, followed by presence of diabetic complications, and smoking.