An investigation is made into the structure and dc electrical properties of evaporated CdTe thin film sandwich structures with thickness d of up to 1 μm. X‐ray diffraction studies show that the films are microcrystalline with typical grain size 74 nm and with a preferred orientation in the [111] direction. Capacitance measurements indicate that the films have a relative permittivity of approximately 9.6. Room temperature current density‐voltage (J–U) characteristics show ohmic conduction below a threshold voltage Ut and a power‐law dependence with exponent 5.7 to 6.1 at higher voltages. This behaviour is interpreted in terms of space‐charge limited conductivity controlled by an exponential distribution of traps below the conduction band edge. Further evidence for this conduction process is provided by a linear dependence of Ut on d2 and of log J on log d with approximate slope − 15. Analysis of the results yields a room temperature electron concentration n0 ≈ (1.2 to 4.8) × 1011 m−3 and an exponential trap distribution of concentration N(E) = N0 exp (− E/kTt) at an energy E below the conduction band edge, where N0 ≈ (1.63 to 2.08) × 1043 J−1 m−3 and Tt ≈ 1402 to 1493 K.
Most of Arab countries areas are occupied with deserts that is covered with sandy soil. Thus, it is necessary to make use of this huge volume of sand to be as construction materials. It is proven that, sand is initially uneven and unstable. It requires pre-modifications of its primer properties in order to be used as construction materials. One of the common techniques is injecting the sand with binders. Many grouting techniques has been implanted to modify or rehabilitate the structure of soil but for sandy soil the methods has not yet been introduced Therefore, this study aimed at developing simulation and instrumental setup to be used for cement grouting. The simulation has been custom made and utilized to form grouted samples for further investigation. The method of injecting sand is by applying pressure to produce force flow in order to be injected into the sand. After the formation of injected sand samples, an experimental investigation was carried out to determine the basic properties. Shear strength of the sand was recorded before and after grouting. It was found that, the shear strength has increased after injecting the sand with cement and the setup has produced accurate grouted samples with even distribution of the cement mix. The results of the various investigations conclusively proved that grouting can be used as an effective way to improve the strength characteristics significantly and can also contribute to the stabilization of sand.
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