Background/Aim: Nicotine content and flavour in electronic cigarette (e-cig) liquids have been demonstrated to cause oxidative stress in acute exposure. However, the chronic effects of using unflavoured and with or without nicotine in e-cigs liquid have not been evaluated. This in vivo study aims to investigate the chronic effect of e-cig exposure with unflavoured liquids at different nicotine concentrations on oxidative stress. Methods: The 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six each. Normal, as a control group. Nic 0, Nic 6 and Nic 12 groups were exposed to unflavoured e-cig liquid for eight weeks with different nicotine concentrations: 0, 6 and 12 mg/mL, respectively. E-cig exposure in rats was conducted using an exposure instrument adjusted to real-life exposure to humans. Oxidative stress markers, including plasma, liver and lung malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as plasma catalase (Cat) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were assessed at the end of the study. Results: Unflavoured e-cig liquids induced oxidative stress in a nicotine concentration-dependent manner, in which the nicotine content of 12 mg/mL demonstrated the greatest response. There was a significant increase in plasma, liver and lung MDA and concurrently decreased plasma and selected organs SOD, as well as plasma Cat and GPx in all nicotine concentration exposed groups compared to the Normal group. Conclusions: Chronic unflavoured liquids in e-cig exposure at different nicotine concentrations induced oxidative stress, potentially leading to various oxidative stress-induced diseases.
Background: Hospitals are the most important organizations of health care system. Globally 80% patients are attended at OPD. Aim: To find the perception of patients regarding care provision at Gynecological OPD in Islam Teaching Hospital, Sialkot Study Design: Observational study. Methodology: Hundred patients were included in present study. All information was collected via Questionnaire and was kept in secret. Data analyzed by SPSS 20.0v. Results: Quality of information provided by receptionist was satisfied 84(84%), partially satisfied 10(10%) and unsatisfied 6(6%). Promptness with which patients was checked by the doctor was Poor 2(2%), Fair 6(6%) and good 92(92%). Behaviour of doctor towards patients was Satisfied 80(80%), partially satisfied 16(16%) and unsatisfied 4(4%). Time given by the doctor to the patients was Satisfied 80(80%), partially satisfied 20(20%). Conclusion: This study concluded that satisfaction of patients of Gynecological OPD was overall good. However, many of the existing shortages can be improved by presenting an organized program. Keywords: Perception, patients and Gynaecology OPD.
Background: Hospitals are the most important organizations of health care system. Globally 80% patients are attended at OPD. Aim: To find the perception of patients regarding care provision at Medical OPD in Islam Teaching Hospital, Sialkot. Study Design: Observational study. Methodology: Hundred patients were included in present study. All information was collected via Questionnaire and was kept in secret after approval from ethical review board. Pharmaceutical facilities available near or in the OPD were noted in the designed Performa. Data analyzed by SPSS 20.0v. Results: Quality of information provided by receptionist was satisfied 46(46%), partially satisfied 46(46%) and unsatisfied 8(8%). Behaviour of doctor toward patients was satisfied 68(68%), partially satisfied 28(28%) and unsatisfied 4(4%), Quality of time provided by doctor to patients was satisfied 64(64%), partially satisfied 32(32%) and unsatisfied 4(4%), Confidentiality of patients maintained by physician was satisfied 86(86%), partially satisfied 12(12%) and unsatisfied 2(2%), Pharmaceutical facilities available near or in the OPD was satisfied 60(60%), partially satisfied 36(36%) and unsatisfied 4(4%). Conclusion: This study concluded that satisfaction of patients at medical OPD was overall good. However, many of the existing shortages can be improved by presenting an organized program. Assessment showed that confidentiality was kept that improved overall satisfaction among patients. Keywords: Perception, patients and Medical OPD.
Desa merupakan sebuah satuan administrasi yang terdiri dari beberapa RW. Desa berada dibawah naungan Kabupaten sehingga beberapa desa relatif jauh dari pusat perkotaan. Di Indonesia, pemetaan partisipatif Openstreetmap relatif detail akan data spasial pada daerah perkotaan sementara untuk daerah pedesaan, data spasial sebagian besar belum dibuat atau terpetakan dengan baik. Penelitian ini mengambil kasus di Desa Cibodas Kecamatan Lembang dengan tujuan memetakan dan memperkaya data spasial Desa Cibodas dan memanfaatkan data spasial partisipatif untuk berbagai macam pemanfaatan. Salah satu pemanfaatan yang dilakukan adalah pemetaan keterjangkauan. Data sepenuhnya bersumber pada Openstreetmap sehingga hasil dari pemanfaatan data spasial Openstreetmap ini bergantung pada partisipasi kontributor Openstreetmap pada daerah Cibodas beserta anggota kelompok dalam penelitian ini.
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