Menstruation is a normal physiological process unique to females. Pre-menarche is characterized by physiological, cognitive, and psychological transitions which may be initiated from the midst of their second decade. The onset of puberty/ menstruation in girls tends to change their role in society. Overall inadequate awareness levels accompanied by socio-cultural taboos and prevailing myths and misconceptions about menarche and menstruation have played havoc on human society. Objective: The main objective of the study is to diagnose and compare the prevailing level of knowledge, attitude, and practices of adolescent girls studying in government and private schools towards menstrual hygiene and management. Material & Methods: This Analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted at Government Jouhar Girls High School and Shiblee Grammar School System, Gulberg Branch (private) Faisalabad. A self-administered survey-based questionnaire was developed. Prior formal written approval from school authorities was followed by the pre-planned scheduled visits, explaining the purpose of the study, assuring confidentiality of acquired information, and self-administration of survey-based questionnaires. Results: The results indicated that the mean age at menarches of the girls was 13.69±0.95 years. A relatively more percentage of government (59.6%) school respondents followed by private school respondents (57.1%) had satisfactory knowledge about their age of first menarche (p = 0.806). Motivated by the socio-cultural taboos and /or fear or shame a majority of government (59.6%) and private school respondents (57.1%) had satisfactory knowledge about their age of first menarche (p = 0.806). A strong prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) was found in private school girls 87(49.2%) and 21(11.9%), followed by respective percentages of 78(43.8%), 16(9.0%) amongst the government school respondents who recorded their responses as agreed and strongly agreed about the development of reproductive tract infection in the post-menstruation period. As far as the adoption of hygienic practices is concerned a relatively high percentage of government school 28(15.7%) followed by private school 14(7.9%) girls strongly disagreed about changing their absorbent material on daily basis. The development of skin abrasions like rashes, itching, and urinary tract infection was found in a relatively high proportion amongst the government school girls 30(16.9%) followed by private school respondents 18(10.2%) in the post-menstruation period. A most common and alarming unhygienic practice prevalent amongst the government and private school girls was the reuse of absorbent cloth, who responded as agreed and strongly agreed in respective terms as 43(24.2%), 22(12.4%), and 69(39%) and 28(15.8%). Conclusion: The study concluded that the persistent myths, misconceptions, socio-cultural taboos, and unhygienic practices i.e. use of old clothes as absorbent, reuse of absorbent material, and delaying tendency of changing absorbent, amongst the adolescent school girls of government and private institutes which may pose direct adverse health and life quality concerns for the female Pakistani community. The current situation calls for active participatory contributions from education communities to initiate various communication and awareness campaigns regarding pre-menarche knowledge and menstruation management which may aid to strengthen and transform their role as a significant representative of society.
BACKGROUND Flat foot, depletion of medial longitudinal arch affects almost 20% of adult global population; approximately 9-14% of schools going children are flat foot making the gender wise prevalence of about 13% girls and 7% boys, 11.25% population of age group between 18-25 years are diagnosed as flat footed. AIM The focus of this study is to device best possible strategy for the nurses to overcome their deformity and live as normal and pain free professional life as possible by providing foot supports that bring foot arches to normal or near normal position. METHOD The subjects were divided into two groups. Group A and Group B. Group A was asked to wear medial wedge support and group B was prescribed heel support for 3 weeks. RESULTS Result shows that both the orthosis are useful in forming the arch of foot, improving the dynamic balance and relieving the symptoms of flatfoot but medial wedge is found to be more efficient as compared to heel support.
Background: Pterygium is more prevalent among people exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. It occurs more often in people who live in warm climates and spend a lot of time outdoors in sunny or windy environments. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine and the relation of different grade of pterygium with amount of induced corneal astigmatism. Methodology: This was observational study done in LRBT hospital Multan road LHR. A self-designed Performa was filled after clinically examining the patients. Frequency distribution/percentages of data were described, simple frequency tables and cross tables were formed to calculate the statistical results. Results: A total patients 50 with grades of pterygium and induce amount of astigmatism. There 31(62.0%) were male and 19(38.0%) were female and the mean age of the patient is 2.5. 21(42.0%) patients were grade 1 pterygium and 21(42.0%) patients were grade 2 and 8(16.0%) patents have grade 3 pterygium. The amount of astigmatism in grade 1 from 0.00 to 1.00 DC is 17(34.0%) patients, from 1.00 to 2.00 DC are 2(4.0%) patients and from 2.00 to 4.00 DC are 2 (4.0%). In grade 2 from 1.00 to 2.00 DC are 10(20.0%) patients, from 2.00 to 4.00 DC are 10(20.0%) patients and from greater than 4.00 DC 1(2.0%). In grade 3 from 1.00 to 2.00 DC are 2(4.0%) patients, from 2.00 to 4.00 DC are 4(8.0%) patients and from greater than 4.00 DC are 2(4.0%) patients. Conclusion(s): Result show that the present study verifies that as the pterygium reaches more than 1.00mm in size from the limbus it induce with the rule astigmatism and pterygium size increases, the amount of induced astigmatism also increases with direct proportion.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.