A rectangular plate with a central hole have initiate extensive practical applications in different fields of engineering such as aerospace, marine, automobile and mechanical and is well-known to most engineers. High stress due to discontinuity or abrupt change in geometry is known as stress concentration and is mostly set up at the edges of discontinuity. A stress concentration is typically introduced in plates in the form of circular holes. For the design of plate with a hole, proper knowledge of stresses and stress concentration factor (SCF) at the edge of hole under in plane loading are essential. In this project an attempt is made to review the investigations that have been made on the "stress analysis of a rectangular plate with circular hole". Finite Element simulations using Ansys have been done for stress analysis around the circular hole, made up of different materials. The materials considered are composite material i.e carbon / epoxy and also with mild steel.
A recent initiative at Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India, has resulted in setting up a program called Centre for Environment Studies and Socioresponsive Engineering which seeks to involve undergraduate students in studying and solving environmental problems in and around the city of Hyderabad, India. Two pilot projects have been undertaken--one focusing on design and construction of an eco-friendly house, The Natural House, and another directed at improving environmental and general living conditions in a slum area. The paper describes our attempts and experience of motivating our students to take interest in such projects. In an interesting development we invited a member of a student-faculty team at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) that is doing a project in Nepal on safe drinking water. We report in our paper how the presentation by the guest from M.I.T. served as a catalyst for generating interest among civil and mechanical engineering students in our own projects. The paper includes contributions from one of our students and the M.I.T. staff member, reporting on their experiences related to the slum development project. We also discuss the Natural House project and its international and educational significance as a means of inculcating sensitivity and interest in nature among engineering students. We propose a pledge for engineers similar to the Hippocratic Oath for medical professionals.
This paper examines the study of phonology in historical linguistics, the ways through which it evolves. In a specific language, words and their meaning changes over time. There exist various reasons for such changes such as one generation’s meaning of a particular word varies from another reason. This research analyses the history of historical linguistics and what it is all about. The findings of the research article reveal that the study of phonology is important to know the development of the sound structure. This article discusses various doctrines related to the study of phonology such as dependency phonology, metrical phonology, lexicon phonology, and the unit of phonological sound speech known as phonemes. The article further discusses the importance of Neo-grammarians and their academic views on linguistics. The paper inquiries the function of grammatical devices while expressing meaning and the ways these meanings change over time. This article shows the role of native speakers of different languages while adopting English words in their vocabulary to cause semantic changes in a language. The finding of the research also shows that children through their grammatical errors or by forming grammatical structure from limited data cause changes in a given language. The research discusses that word and their meaning varies and forsakes the existing meanings when semantic changes occur in a language.
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