Edge is the foremost feature of the image. Edges can be defined as boundary between regions in an image. Edge detection refers to the process of identifying and locating sharp discontinuities in an image. Edge detection process reduces the amount of data and filters out useless information, while preserving the necessary structural properties in an image. In this paper, the main purpose is to study edge detection process based on different techniques.
Clustering in data mining is very important to discover distribution patterns and this importance tends to increase as the amount of data grows. It is one of the main analytical methods in data mining and its method influences its results directly. K-means is a typical clustering algorithm [3]. It mainly consists of two phases i.e. initializing random clusters and to find the nearest neighbour. Both phases have some shortcomings which are discussed in the paper and two methods are purposed based on that. First one is about how to generate the centroids and the second one will reduce the time while calculating distance from centroid.
Objective:Apnea test is required as part of the brain death examination. The duration of the apnea test is variable but typically requires 8–10 min. Prolonged apnea tests have been reported in the setting of hypothermia. Here, we describe a case of prolonged duration of apnea test secondary to a phenomenon called cardiac ventilation.Methods:The patient presented in coma with brainstem areflexia after having an intracerebral hemorrhage resulting in subfalcine, central, uncal, and tonsillar herniations. Confounding variables were excluded. Brain death testing was performed, and she was found to have brainstem areflexia. Pre-requisites for apnea test were then met.Results:Apnea testing, however, was prolonged at 110 min. When reconnected to ventilator, it was noted that she had small (30–35 cc) tidal volumes at a rate of her heart rate without respiratory effort. Ancillary testing with four-vessel cerebral angiogram confirmed cerebral circulatory arrest.Conclusions:To our knowledge, this is the longest reported case of apnea testing during brain death testing. Variables known to cause a delay in the rise of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels were excluded. We suspect the hyperdynamic cardiac state caused cardiac ventilations resulting in slow increase in carbon dioxide levels.
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