The inhibitive effect of (crude) waste glycerol from biodiesel manufacturing process on the corrosion behavior of steel was investigated. The inhibitory effects were studied on steel in 0.5 N hydrochloric acid solutions, using a weight loss method, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The inhibition effect was studied by varying concentrations of inhibitors (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0%) by weight of solution. The corrosion of steel was inhibited continuously with the amount of inhibitor added. It reached to very high level of inhibition with 0.8 and 1% of inhibitor concentration. The adsorption isotherm models were applied and it is shown that the adsorption of inhibitor layer followed Langmuir isotherm model. The Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that the inhibitor is covering the surface of the metal so that it prevents the metal surface to be in contact with the acid medium.
Crude glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, was evaluated as a potential green inhibitor for steel corrosion in an acidic environment. The study was conducted using steel specimens placed in hydrochloric acid solutions (0.5 M) at a constant room temperature (25 • C) and crude glycerol concentrations in the range 0.1%-1.0% w/w. The criteria used to evaluate the extent of corrosion were the weight loss and corrosion rate. Additionally, fresh and spent samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. It was found that, generally, the corrosion inhibition increased with the inhibitor concentration. Results also showed that the maximum inhibition efficiency was achieved at 70 h residence time after which the inhibition efficiency at a given concentration either remained unchanged or dropped slight. Additionally, the overall maximum inhibition efficiency (98%) was observed at 70 h residence time and a 1% inhibitor concentration.
Due to the depletion of light crude oil reserves, heavy crude oil and residues are the alternatives to meet the increasing global demand for light oil products. Heavy crude oil and residues are characterized by the presence of heavy hydrocarbon compounds which contain high levels of impurities such as metals, nitrogen, and sulfur-containing compounds. Methods of upgrading are required to increase refining efficiencies and to obtain high-quality products. Upgrading processes can be categorized into three categories; carbon rejection processes, hydrogen addition processes, and a combination of the two. The catalyst can be used with any of these processes for better improvement. Many types of research have been carried out to develop a high-performance process which is stable, high commercial products yield, and low solids formation. In this work, recent advances on petroleum residues upgrading with catalyst, solvents, and thermal cracking were reviewed. Advantages and disadvantages of each process were discussed along with conditions and main features. Nanoparticles catalysts and supercritical fluids based-processes are the trends of upgrading due to the excellent performance of these processes.
Oil sludge from the bottom tank of shipping process was used to extract heavy fuel oil using multiple extraction techniques. Solvent extraction is necessary to recover valuable hydrocarbon from oil sludge and to reduce the volume of waste sludge so a further reduction in oil sludge has an impact effect on land and water. This process used methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at different operating temperatures from room temperature to 50 ᵒC and different solvent to sludge ratios. The percent recovery of heavy fuel oil was varied with these operating variables. The initial recovery was 43.46% at 50 ͦ C for the first extraction stage and increased to a total of 54.2 % for the second extraction stage. The third extraction stage of the remaining solid was able to recover an additional quantity of oil to bring the total heavy fuel oil recovery to 62.2 mass% of the dry oil sludge. The physical properties of the recovered heavy fuel oil from each extraction stage were studied. The recovered heavy fuel oil from the third extraction stage showed higher specific gravity, carbon residue, ash content, and as phaltene content comparing with the first and second extraction stages.
Batch adsorption equilibrium of the sulfur compounds from diesel oil using two types of commercial activated carbon was studied in a two-level factorial experimental design method. This technique has been used to investigate the impacts of several factors controlling the adsorption process, such as source of sorbent material, amount of sorbent material used, and temperature. High percentages of adsorption of sulfur compounds were obtained using the sorbent materials tested. The analysis of variance and the factorial design of experiments showed that the amount of sorbent material used was the most significant factor under the experimental ranges studied. Also, a predictive regression model for the experimental data was generated. The capability of the generated regression model was studied, where excellent agreement between the experimental and predicted values was observed.
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