Cette recherche, de type exploratoire, avait pour but de développer une méthodologie pour analyser l’ensemble du processus créatif dans le travail d’interprétation d’une pièce musicale et ce, grâce à une étude pilote avec un seul cas. Nous avons utilisé les moyens de collecte des données relatives au travail instrumental qui ont déjà été validés par différents auteurs, dont Chaffin et Imreh (2002) et Chaffin et al. (2003), soit l’enregistrement des répétitions comportant des verbalisations, leur description par un observateur et les questionnaires réflexifs. De plus, nous avons employé une technique d’entretien inspirée de l’autoconfrontation (Theureau 2010 ; Vermersch 1994). Nous avons procédé à l’analyse de contenu de chacune des répétitions, puis nous avons utilisé l’analyse par théorisation ancrée (Paillé 1994) pour analyser l’ensemble des données (répétitions, verbalisations, observations et entretiens). Bien que nos résultats recoupent ceux déjà mentionnés dans la littérature scientifique existante en ce qui concerne les étapes de travail du musicien (Chaffin et al. 2003), ils mettent cependant à jour de nouveaux phénomènes, relatifs notamment au travail de l’expressivité de l’oeuvre et qui font l’objet d’une nouvelle étape de travail que nous avons appelée appropriation artistique. Lors de cette étape, le sujet rattachait le sens musical abstrait de l’oeuvre à des éléments inspirés de son vécu, grâce à l’utilisation d’analogies et d’une trame narrative, dans le but de donner un sens plus personnel au texte musical et favorisant, selon lui, une interprétation plus convaincante. La nature du travail effectué durant cette phase repose sur la recherche d’un sentiment de justesse de l’expressivité du jeu (caractère, nuances, sonorité, phrasé, etc.) que le sujet utilise pour valider la qualité et l’authenticité de son interprétation musicale. La méthodologie développée permettra d’étudier, dans le cadre de futures recherches comportant plusieurs sujets, l’ensemble du processus créatif au coeur du travail d’interprétation d’une pièce musicale.This research, a pilot study with a single subject, aimed to try a new methodology to analyze effectively the entire creative process of interpreting a musical piece. The first step of this study was to collect data with the help of instrumental work observation techniques already validated by different researchers, e.g. Chaffin and Imreh (2002) and Chaffin and al. (2003). These means included rehearsal recordings containing verbalizations by the musician, descriptions by a third-party observer and reflexive questionnaires, followed by a content analysis of the rehearsal recordings. Afterwards, we used an interview technique inspired by the self-confrontation interview method (Theureau 2010; Vermersch 1994). All the data collected was then analyzed through a grounded-theory analysis (Paillé 1994). Although our results tally with those already mentioned in scientific literature, particularly when it comes to the different work stages of a musician (Chaffin and al. 2003), we o...
This article presents the methodology and partial results of a study on the creative processes underlying nine performers' interpretations of a single musical work. Data were collected by videotaping rehearsals and soliciting musicians' verbalizations of the rehearsal process. Musicians also completed a reflexive questionnaire, and an independent third party observed and described the musicians' actions. The data were first assessed through content analysis. Subsequently, interview techniques borrowed from phenomenology were used: self-confrontation interviews, which enable the verbalization of the action a posteriori; and explicitation interviews, which facilitate access to the preconscious processes and enable a detailed description of the action. Preliminary results for two performers demonstrate the varied strategies that musicians use to create original interpretations. The strategies observed were congruent with the existing literature and include alternation between divergent and convergent thinking and creative associations. Nevertheless, our results also suggest the existence of a phase step of artistic appropriation specific to each musician.
Various studies have been conducted to understand the role of mental representation when musicians practice or perform music (Lehman and Ericsson, 1997; Sloboda, 2005) and the work steps required for a musician to prepare a concert (Chaffin et al., 2003). More recent studies examine creativity in the shaping of a musical interpretation (Lisboa et al., 2011; Payne, 2016; Barros et al., 2017; Wise et al., 2017). However, none of these studies answers the following questions: Why do expert musicians working from the same score create different musical interpretations? During individual practice sessions, what happens that allows each musician to produce significantly different interpretive results? To answer these questions, we instructed nine expert musicians to record their individual practice sessions, verbalize their actions and thoughts, and answer a self-reflection questionnaire. A third-party observer also described what happened during the practice sessions. We conducted interviews in order to gather additional information about the contents of the individual practice sessions; the musicians' usual work habits; and their beliefs, values, and ideas regarding the role of the musician in the creative process. Based on the methodology of Analyse par théorisation ancrée1 (Paillé, 1994), we were able to take into account a diverse data set and identify aspects of the creative process that were specific to each individual as well as elements that all musicians shared. We found that the context in which the creative process takes place—the musician (e.g., his or her values and knowledge); the musical work (e.g., style, technical aspects, etc.); and the external constraints (e.g., deadlines, public expectations, etc.)—impacted the strategies used. The participants used reflection, extramusical supports, emotions, body reactions, intuition, and other tools to generate new musical ideas and evaluate the accuracy of their musical interpretations. We identified elements related to those already discussed in the literature, including the creative process as an alternation between divergent and convergent thinking (Guilford, 1950), creative associations (Lubart, 2015), and artistic appropriation (Héroux and Fortier, 2014; Héroux, 2016).
Recent advances in imaging assays based on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) have made it possible to study protein/protein interactions in living cells under physiological conditions. Here we describe protocols for these assays including relevant positive and negative controls, and we also show how they can be combined with protein complementation assays such as bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) to study three- and four-partner interactions. We also describe a BRET assay that uses SNAP-tagged proteins as a fluorescence acceptor molecule for the bioluminescent donor.
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