Restoration Spontaneous Movement After eSCS move without stimulation and those unable (p < 0.0005). The likelihood of recovery of spontaneous volitional control was correlated with spasticity scores prior to the start of eSCS therapy (p = 0.048). Volitional power progressively improved over time (p = 0.016). Additionally, cycling was possible without stimulation (p < 0.005). Conclusion: While some SVM after eSCS has been reported in the literature, this study demonstrates sustained restoration without active stimulation after long-term eSCS stimulation in chronic and complete SCI in a subset of participants. This finding supports previous studies suggesting that "complete" SCI is likely not as common as previously believed, if it exists at all in the absence of transection and that preserved pathways are substrates for eSCS-mediated recovery in clinically motor-complete SCI.

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The safety of epidural spinal cord stimulation to restore function after spinal cord injury: post-surgical complications and incidence of cardiovascular events',

Introduction: The optimal treatment paradigm for brain metastasis that recurs locally after initial radiosurgery (BMRS) remains an area of active investigation. Here, we report outcomes for patients with BMRS treated with stereotactic laser ablation (SLA, also known as laser interstitial thermal therapy, LITT)followed by consolidation radiosurgery (cSRS).Methods: Clinical outcome of 20 patients with 21histologically con rmed BMRS treated with SLA followed by consolidation SRS and >6 months follow-up were collected retrospectively across three participating institutions.Results: Consolidation SRS (5 Gy x 5 or 6 Gy x 5) wascarried out 16-73 days (median of 26 days) post-SLA of BMRS. There were no new neurological de cits after SLA/cSRS. While 3/21 (14.3%) patients suffered temporary Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) decline after SLA, no KPS declines was observed after cSRS.There were no 30-day mortalities or wound complications. Two patients required re-admission within 30 days of cSRS (severe headache that resolved with steroid therapy (n=1) and new onset seizure (n=1)). With a median follow-up of 228 days (range: 178-1367 days), the local control rate at 6 and 12 months (LC 6 , LC 12 ) was 100%. All showed diminished FLAIR volume surrounding the SLA/cSRS treated BMRS at the six-month follow-up; none of the patients required steroid for symptoms attributable to these BMRS. These results compare favorably to the available literature for repeat SRS or SLA-only treatment of BMRS.Conclusions: This multi-institutional experience supports further investigations of SLA/cSRS as a treatment strategyfor BMRS.