Aims: The establishment of normal values for the hamstring flexibility and isometric posterior thigh force of healthy adults performing standard motor task consisting of acting against a rubber band in the supine position.
Study Design: Observation and ecological.
Place and Duration of Study: During a Sports Medicine three days event (Congreso DePunta) in Uruguay, September 2018.
Methodology: Random samples of 21 men and 16 women practicing different sport activities were asked to have their biomechanics properties measured by DINABANG, which is a novel clinical instrument to guide lower limb rehabilitation. DINABANG measures the force signal during the following specific motor task: in supine position, consists of hip flexion with fully extended knee and with malleolus attached to a rubber band held by the Physical Therapist behind the head of the person, until further effort would lift the person from the mat.
Results: Normal values for body weight specific peak force during isometric effort with extended limb in supine position and malleolus strap tied to an elastic band are (mean ± SD) 1.7 ± 0.4 / 1.9 ± 0.5 N•Kg-1 for men and 2.1 ± 0.5 / 2.3 ± 0.5 N•Kg-1 for women and weak/strong limb respectively. The volunteer-defined flexibility angles of the healthy young populations (21 men and 16 women) were found to be 67.5° ± 6.5° and 77.5°± 9.7° merging the distributions of both lower limbs, strong and weak.
Conclusion: These values will be included in subsequent versions of DINABANG to be used in clinical practice to help avoiding muscle strains by quantifying efforts during rehabilitation under Physical Therapist monitoring. DINABANG allows to safely perform a motor task in the medical office. It can be said that DINABANG is compatible with an ecological approach to rehabilitation.
Electrical Impedance Tomography design can be simplified to obtain a low cost 16 electrodes edema monitoring clinical instrument by using voltage measurement multiplexing. Multiplexers introduce errors, which we have estimated by consecutive phantom measurements both using voltage multiplexers and by selecting the electrodes by hand, all other things being the same. Noise is taken care of by averaging. The EIDORS reconstruction of the phantom with multiplexed measurements is compared to the hand-selected electrode measurements reconstruction. The difference image obtained is considered an estimation of the multiplexer induced error. This measurement error is subtracted from the multiplexed object measurement matrix, giving a modified reconstruction which is closer to the hand-selected electrodes measurement based reconstruction than the multiplexed reconstruction. The quality factor of the uncorrected multiplexer obtained image of 57% is increased to 83% which is the best increase of three methods described. This suggests the benefit of a “calibration” phase for all 16 electrodes, prior to EIT reconstruction, using a set-up-specific “error matrix” to correct the data matrix before submission to the reconstruction method.
Foot impedance plethysmography was implemented using two types of electrodes (dry and capacitive) and sole force sensors. The latter are commonly used for assessing diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). For impedance plethysmography, a tetrapolar configuration has been used with three different plantar setups: four skin contact electrodes, four capacitive contact electrodes and two Force Sensing Resistors (FSRs). In this work, FSRs have been considered as possible capacitive electrodes because the top substrate contains interdigitating conductive electrodes and a semiconductive polymer. All the measurements have been performed using a 1 mA/10 kHz excitation current and have been tried under the feet of a standing person to detect impedance plethysmography signals. Contact electrodes allow a good cardiac pulse signal while capacitive contact through the socks features mains interferences. Force sensing resistors with their force-dependent resistance in parallel to the capacitive coupling, were not able to detect cardiac pulse. But promising results can be anticipated from these findings provided higher frequencies are used and larger sensor areas to help detect altered skin states in diabetic foot.
El propósito de este trabajo es el estudio y sistematización de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional chileno relativa a la función social de la propiedad. Comenzaremos con la revisión de los conceptos de expropiación, limitación y «expropiación regulatoria». Enseguida, veremos que la Constitución no define la función social de la propiedad, pero que ésta es inherente a ella. Elaboraremos un concepto de función social, para luego referirnos a las limitaciones a la propiedad que se derivan de ella. Luego, veremos los criterios que determinan si una limitación a la propiedad es o no legítima. Por último, trazaremos algunas conclusiones finales.
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