Catalan speakers have traditionally constructed the Catalan language as the main emblem of their identity even as migration filled the country with substantial numbers of speakers of Castilian . Although Catalan speakers have been bilingual in Catalan and Castilian for generations, sociolinguistic research has shown how speakers' bilingual practices have always been sensitive to keeping a clear sense of the boundaries between the languages and between their communities of speakers. The norms of language choice in everyday life have reflected this as Catalans have tended to use Catalan basically between those considered to "be" Catalan. This paper shows that this situation is gradually changing due to new conditions of mobility and access to language, that is, because most native speakers of Castilian are now bilingual and speak Catalan often in everyday life. On the basis of a corpus of 25 interviews and 15 group discussions conducted in Catalonia with a sample of young people of different profiles, we show that young people in Catalonia increasingly rely on prima facie linguistic behavior rather than ethnolinguistic classification to decide which language to speak in specific contexts, so that language use loses its earlier function of ethnolinguistic boundary maintenance.

Intravenous superhydration administration is an inexpensive and safe therapy for reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting and discomfort.

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Suppose that $$X =(X_t, t\ge 0)$$ X = ( X t , t ≥ 0 ) is either a superprocess or a branching Markov process on a general space E, with non-local branching mechanism and probabilities $${\mathbb {P}}_{\delta _x}$$ P δ x , when issued from a unit mass at $$x\in E$$ x ∈ E . For a general setting in which the first moment semigroup of X displays a Perron–Frobenius type behaviour, we show that, for $$k\ge 2$$ k ≥ 2 and any positive bounded measurable function f on E, $$\begin{aligned} \lim _{t\rightarrow \infty } g_k(t){\mathbb {E}}_{\delta _x}[\langle f, X_t\rangle ^k] = C_k(x, f), \end{aligned}$$ lim t → ∞ g k ( t ) E δ x [ ⟨ f , X t ⟩ k ] = C k ( x , f ) , where the constant $$C_k(x, f)$$ C k ( x , f ) can be identified in terms of the principal right eigenfunction and left eigenmeasure and $$g_k(t)$$ g k ( t ) is an appropriate deterministic normalisation, which can be identified explicitly as either polynomial in t or exponential in t, depending on whether X is a critical, supercritical or subcritical process. The method we employ is extremely robust and we are able to extract similarly precise results that additionally give us the moment growth with time of $$\int _0^t \langle f, X_t \rangle \mathrm{d}s$$ ∫ 0 t ⟨ f , X t ⟩ d s , for bounded measurable f on E.