An urban environment leads to tropical building adaptation by providing sufficient thermal comfort and energy efficiency. For generating the physiological cooling, interconnected attribute of site cluster permeability is translated into lower context such as building scale to provide optimal wind speed to restore thermal comfort. It will be expected to find the critical factor which most influences the performance. Meanwhile, the encoding of the space connectivity to accelerate air movement has been evaluated by previous studies. In this paper, the counter reading of visibility relationships analysis on computational fluid dynamics is conducted and decoded by DepthmapX simulation. The site clusters type of grid, cul-de-sac, and the open area plan of a loop represent housing estates in some tropical regions as the cases. The results highlighted that 50% or more translated air movement from the site to the building scale environment is determined by the dominated warmest connectivity of open space. The potency of energy efficiency is indicated by the capability of accommodating both social connectivity and environmental performance. Furthermore, the code of irregular building patterns by increasing air movement has low spatial and social connectivity because of space depthless. Providing open space for site planning encourages both environmental and social qualities.
The urban building standards recommend adaptable shift on heat and noise criteria as the main issues related to the high-density environment. The previous studies relating to building thermal comfort provided the comparison results between the past and recent conditions. This study reviews the guidelines and regulations of international standard, overseas countries, and specific region of tropical climate research in Indonesia. The evaluation is focused on tropical climate in order to reach the accurate thermal comfort and noise criteria comparison for Indonesia. Furthermore, the field study of the 71 of the tropical built environment respondents was also conducted in order to update and compare to the existing standards. The review results show that compared to 17°C to 31°C thermal comfort range from the World Health Organization, the tropical thermal comfort should be determined with a range of 29.3°C to 31°C. Based on the field studies, for lowland is formulated by 1.4x+29.3 and in highland is 1.5x+29.3 as two representative regions of the tropical environment. For noise criteria, some countries set the policy for determining noise limits which has the same value between day and night condition as the result of the constant number of noise source with the similar level of annoyance. Based on the field study, this study updates the noise criteria which the denser environment, lowland, has limits of noise in 49.9 dBA when in highland is 47.8 dBA. Both of them are lower than 55 dBA of Indonesian Standard. Noise perception by occupants in nighttime shows that both in the lowland and in the highland, the vote is lower than daytime. The noise limits are 45.9 dBA and 40.0 dBA for lowland and highland, respectively. In general, the updated standard completes the existing and the detail of Indonesia national standard and the will be useful to guide the tropical building design.
In the proposal for designing natural ventilation of open tropical houses, environmental noise control is the simultaneous challenge. Nevertheless, the air circulation strategy for refrigerating and dehumidification can accept airborne noise transfer from sources to inside receivers once the wind direction is in the equivalent path as the noise generator. The deal concerning the design for site barrier and maintaining or preserving the tropical building material can help resolve the warm and noise environment instantaneously regardless of the diverse geographic settings. This study generates the model code of the site barrier of the tropical urban on thermoacoustic subjects as thermal and acoustics’ incorporated design. Matlab encoding is used for obtaining noise propagation control to support physiological cooling. The representative tropical buildings, Javanese housings are the case for investigating the urban built environments. The results revealed that considering the decomposition by distance remaining to geometrical propagating, the code involved diffraction, ground effect, and mitigation of sound due to atmospheric absorption. The analysis of essential factors results in the diffraction correction code as the most critical looping. The proposed overhang barrier controls the properties of the noise transmission loss and the reduction of estimation error, which causes imprecise noise management. Keywords: Matlab coding, noise barrier, thermal comfort, urban environment
The present study explores the morphological characteristics of colonial houses in Surabaya. Four houses are included as the subject, and physical features of the building are recorded through field observations. Basic drawings of the building are made and used for the morphological exploration. Formal and topological characteristics of the house are then analysed and its climatic response as well as climatic adaptation potentials are evaluated. Principles of climatic adaptation and findings from previous studies on the subjects are used as the basis of the evaluation. The study found that the colonial houses in Surabaya have a great potential in terms of climatic adaptation. Despite the compact shape, the layout of the building allows internal spaces to poses high connection to outdoors, and hence increases its degree of connectedness. The colonial houses show moderate degree of exposure and have high degree of porosity due to the configuration and size of windows and doors of the building. All of these formal characteristics contribute to the significant climatic response of the building.
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