Objective of study: The objective of the study is to identify the attitudes of medical students towards the clinical importance of embryology. Methodology: The cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted at a private medical college of Sialkot, Islam Medical College from September 2019 to November 2019. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research and Ethics Committee prior to the study. Hundred First year and 100 final year medical students of Islam Medical College, participated in the survey. Thurdstone and Chave attitude analysis scoring was used to assess the attitudes.  The questionnaire consisted of 20 statements. Students had to tick only those statements with which they were in full agreement. Prior to conducting the study a median score was taken out of 50 anatomy teachers, showing their opinion toward each statement. Results: The results of the study showed that the medical students do appreciate the importance of embryology in the early years and to a more extent in the clinical years. The attitude scores remained on the positive side. Female students showed better attitudes towards embryology in both years. Conclusion:  To understand the importance of embryology efforts are required by the teachers teaching anatomy, and medical educationalists, to inform medical students of the relevance of embryology in attaining clinical competence. Key words: Attitude, Clinical, Embryology, Continuous...

BackgroundIn addition to the known role of serum ferritin as an inflammatory mediator, its role in the induction of serum hepcidin is yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to identify a correlation between serum ferritin and hepcidin levels in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients and healthy individuals. MethodologyA total of 44 male subjects, selected by convenient sampling technique, were included in this study. The study population was divided into group I including 22 healthy males and group II including age-matched 22 CHC patients. Serum hepcidin and serum ferritin levels of study participants in both groups were assessed. Serum parameters were compared between two groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman correlation test was applied between serum ferritin and serum hepcidin in each group. P-values of ≤0.05 were considered significant. ResultsThe median values of serum ferritin in group I and group II were in the normal range, though serum ferritin of CHC patients was significantly higher than the healthy population (p = 0.03). The median values of serum hepcidin in both groups were below the normal range. In CHC patients, a negative nonsignificant correlation (rho = -0.34, p = 0.13) was observed between serum ferritin and serum hepcidin. A positive nonsignificant correlation (rho = 0.19, p = 0.4) was observed between serum ferritin and serum hepcidin in the healthy population. ConclusionsOur study could not bring forth any conclusive remarks in favor of serum ferritin as an inflammatory mediator raising serum hepcidin levels among CHC patients. A negative nonsignificant correlation between studied parameters in CHC patients may indicate the involvement of some other factor such as hepatitis C virus in the reduction of serum hepcidin levels.

Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis is affected by acute stress which results in transient suppression of gonadotropin secretion. In stressful conditions, there

Background: Infertility is a very common health problem among middle-aged hypertensive individuals on beta-blocker therapy. With advancing research, it is observed that almonds can enhance the fertility index. Aim: To find that how almonds (prunus Amygdalus), cardioselective beta blocker and combined preparation of both these can affect serum testosteronein mice. Methods: This study was done in the Physiology Department, Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad. Some part of this project was done inNational Institute of Health, Islamabad along with the Centre for Research in Experimental and Applied Medicine (CREAM) Laboratory, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, and Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad. It was an Animal based experimental study. This study was conducted from December2014 to March 2015. 120 Balb-c mice were selected for our study according to the predefined setcriteria and four groups were made, each group consisting of 30 mice. Group A was the control group, atenolol was given to group B, almonds to group C, and atenolol plus almonds to group D. Serumtestosterone was measured after 3 months. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17 and mean±standard deviation was determined. For difference, statistical significance was calculated after applying one way ANOVA. The p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: In group A serving as control mean testosterone was found to be 1.58±0.69IU/L. Mean serum testosterone in B-group (Atenolol) was 0.43±0.27 IU/L. In group C (Almonds) it was 3.77±2.64 IU/Lwhich was significantly increased. In group D (almond+Atenolol) serum testosterone level was1.82±1.00 IU/L that is elevated but non-significantly in comparison to the control group. Conclusion: Almonds increase mean testosterone and atenolol lead to adecrease init. It is thus concluded that almondscan revert the changes induced by atenolol. Keywords: Almonds, Testosterone, Atenolol, Hypertension, Infertility.

Objective: Probiotics were compared to Sitagliptin in this research in order to see whether they might lower blood glucose levels in diabetic rats more effectively. Study Design: Quasi experimental study Place and Duration: Fatima Jinnah Medical University Lahore. Jan, 2021 to June, 2021 Methods: There were 80 male rats were presented in this study. We used Streptozotocin to inflict diabetes in rats, and after one week, the results were validated by measuring Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) (>7 mmol/L was termed diabetic). Rats were divided in four groups. Group I had 20 diabetic control rats, group II had 20 rats and received probiotics (250 mg/Kg), group III received sitagliptin (10 mg/Kg) among 20 rats and group IV received combination of probiotics and sitagliptin. Blood glucose was measured at baseline and after 6-weeks. Results among all groups were compared. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyzed all data. Results: We observed that rats given probiotics in group-II saw a substantial drop in their fasting blood glucose levels, with an effectiveness that was on par with that of rats given sitagliptin in group-III (p 0.05). Sitagliptin and probiotics had a synergistic impact in group IV that was stronger (p<0.05) than either of their individual effects in groups II and III. Conclusion: We concluded that Sitagliptin plus Probiotics lowers diabetic rats' blood glucose more than individual medicines. Probiotics reduce fasting blood glucose in diabetic rats like Sitagliptin. Diabetes treatment can include probiotics. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Fasting blood glucose, Sitagliptin, Probiotics, Rats