after approval by the Committee on Animal Research and Ethics. Thirty healthy male SPF Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group, the model group, and the dexamethasone group by random number table, with 10 rats in each group. On the 1st and 8th day, 1 mL of ovalbumin (OVA) (1 mg) + Al (OH) 3 (100 mg) saline solution was intraperitoneally injected for sensitisation, and the rats were placed in a semi-closed container.

In conclusion, IPEs were well-received and valued both by students and faculty members.

Objectives: The present study aimed to explore the prevalence of burnout syndrome and to find the association of burnout symptoms with sociodemographic factors in medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2019 to January 2021 at Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad. A total of 284 medical students from the first year to the fifth year participated in this cross-sectional study. After taking informed consent, students were asked to record responses on the Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire BCSQ-12. In addition, a structured questionnaire was developed to obtain information about the sociodemographic status. Results: Prevalence of burnout was observed among day scholars, females, and students having a relatively sedentary lifestyle. Low family income showed a significant association of burnout in medical students (p=0.025). A significant association was found in the mean scores of neglect subtype of burnout with low family household income (p = 0.010). The mean scores of the overload subtype of burnout and daily duration of sleep also showed a significant association (p = 0.039). Conclusion: The prevalence of burnout was associated with low household income and sleep deprivation. Gender, academic year and physical activity did not have a significant association with burnout syndrome. The high prevalence of burnout syndrome necessitates appropriate interventions to identify and reduce the prevalence of burnout in medical students. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.5052 How to cite this:Irshad K, Ashraf I, Azam F, Shaheen A. Burnout prevalence and associated factors in medical students in integrated modular curriculum: A cross-sectional study. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.5052 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Objective: Medical curriculum is always subject to new strategies to ensure effective delivery of learning material. Online formative assessments are gaining popularity over conventional paper based formative assessments due to recent advances in technology and increasing familiarity of students with computer-based examinations. With this background, objectives of this study were to explore trends of computer based formative assessment in undergraduate medical students and to investigate the impact of online formative assessments on summative assessment scores. Methodology: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 100 medical students from 3rd year in November 2016 and July 2017. The data was collected using SPSS software and analyzed by T-tests and descriptive tables. Results: The mean summative score of students who took an online formative assessment in a module was significantly higher compared to mean score of students who did not take formative assessment. Mean summative score of another group of students who took an online formative assessment in a different module was statistically different than mean score of students who did not take formative assessment (p- Value = 0.00). Conclusion: Online formative assessment is an effective tool for improving student’s performance in the summative assessment.

Background: Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, and the presence of anaemia further potentiates this imbalance. The burden of anaemia in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is significant. Anaemia has the potential to worsen myocardial ischemic insult by decreasing the oxygen content of the blood supplied to the jeopardized myocardium. Present study investigates the prevalence of anaemia in ACS patients attending a tertiary health care institute.Methods: A total of 148 patients with ACS were recruited in the study from July 2018 to October 2018 in Multan institute of cardiology, Pakistan. All patients were subjected to a detailed history and thorough clinical examination and investigations after obtaining informed consent. Patient having any other diseases known to cause anaemia were excluded.Results: Mean age of patients was 49 years. Out of 148, 114 (77%) were males and 34(23%) were females. Prevalence of anaemia was 38% in Male and 58.8% in Female. Among Male, 18.8% were microcytic, 4.54% were macrocytic and 77.27% were normocytic. Among Female, 50% were microcytic and 50%% were normocytic. Prevalence of ACS was higher is patients with diabetes and hypertension combined (31%) than in patient with diabetes alone (17.56%) or hypertension alone (21.62%). 13.51% were pure vegetarians  while 78.37% were on mixed diet consisting of vegetables+meat+pulses.Conclusions: Higher incidence of anaemia was reported in subjects having acute coronary syndrome. Incidence of anaemia in STEMI patients was greater than NSTEMI and unstable angina patients. Severe form of acute coronary syndrome i.e. STEMI was associated with higher incidence of anaemia.