Prior and ongoing COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have resulted in substantial changes to everyday life. The pandemic and measures of its control affect mental health negatively. Self-reported data from 15,375 participants from 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two questionnaires measuring anxiety level were used in this study—the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). The associations between a set of social indicators on anxiety during COVID-19 (e.g., sex, age, country, live alone) were tested as well. Self-reported anxiety during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic varied across countries, with the maximum levels reported for Brazil, Canada, Italy, Iraq and the USA. Sex differences of anxiety levels during COVID-19 were also examined, and results showed women reported higher levels of anxiety compared to men. Overall, our results demonstrated that the self-reported symptoms of anxiety were higher compared to those reported in general before pandemic. We conclude that such cultural dimensions as individualism/collectivism, power distance and looseness/tightness may function as protective adaptive mechanisms against the development of anxiety disorders in a pandemic situation.

The COVID-19 restrictions have impacted people’s lifestyles in all spheres (social, psychological, political, economic, and others). This study explored which factors affected the level of anxiety during the time of the first wave of COVID-19 and subsequent quarantine in a substantial proportion of 23 countries, included in this study. The data was collected from May to August 2020 (5 June 2020). The sample included 15,375 participants from 23 countries: (seven from Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Russia; 11 from West, South and Southeast Asia: Armenia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Turkey; two African: Nigeria and Tanzania; and three from North, South, and Central America: Brazil, Canada, United States). Level of anxiety was measured by means of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the 20-item first part of The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)—State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). Respondents were also asked about their personal experiences with COVID-19, attitudes toward measures introduced by governments, changes in attitudes toward migrants during a pandemic, family income, isolation conditions, etc. The factor analysis revealed that four factors explained 45.08% of variance in increase of anxiety, and these components were interpreted as follows: (1) personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, (2) personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, (3) personal trust in official sources, (4) personal experience with COVID-19. Three out of four factors demonstrated strong associations with both scales of anxiety: high level of anxiety was significantly correlated with high level of personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, low level of personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, and high level of presence of personal experience with COVID-19. Our study revealed significant main effects of sex, country, and all four factors on the level of anxiety. It was demonstrated that countries with higher levels of anxiety assessed the real danger of a pandemic as higher, and had more personal experience with COVID-19. Respondents who trusted the government demonstrated lower levels of anxiety. Finally, foreigners were perceived as the cause of epidemic spread.

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread throughout the world, and concerns about psychological, social, and economic consequences are growing rapidly. Individuals’ empathy-based reactions towards others may be an important resilience factor in the face of COVID-19. Self-report data from 15,375 participants across 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, this study examined different facets of empathy—Perspective-Taking, Empathic Concern, and Personal Distress, and their association with cross-cultural ratings on Individualism, Power Distance, The Human Development Index, Social Support Ranking, and the Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index, as well as the currently confirmed number of cases of COVID-19 at the time of data collection. The highest ratings on Perspective-Taking were obtained for USA, Brazil, Italy, Croatia, and Armenia (from maximum to minimum); on Empathetic Concern, for the USA, Brazil, Hungary, Italy, and Indonesia; and on Personal Distress, from Brazil, Turkey, Italy, Armenia, Indonesia. Results also present associations between demographic factors and empathy across countries. Limitations and future directions are presented.

This study aimed to look further at the immunity possessed by humans who live in rural areas compared to urban areas. The method of this research is qualitative with the literature method, in which to answer this research, the researcher looks for evidence from various international journal publications published in the last ten years. Then, to prove the above assumption, the researcher first collects evidence of study findings that sound for health reasons, then chooses to live in a peaceful and pollution-free tree area. Next, we study and analyze in-depth evaluation and coding systems to draw conclusions that answer the above issues validly and convincingly. The findings of this study are that humans who live in forests have a robust immune system compared to those who live in cities, so when the COVID-19 pandemic occurs, it is not a problem. Suggestions for the findings of this study are expected to be meaningful input for the development of environmental health sciences in further studies, both for academics and environmental health practitioners.

The Paper aimed to understand virtual learning applications, the best education practices in the all-digital era. The author believes that one element that leads to successful learning in the digital era is using some virtual learning applications. The researchers have explored many scientific publications looking for evidence of recent studies on how to benefit virtual learning from national and international publication literature databases. So that we can use the data to answer the problem of this study, first we try to explore the data by examining it to get an in-depth understanding of the clock such as data evaluation, data coding, in-depth interpretation, and good abstraction in answering the core problems of the study. After in-depth study and discussion, the data show that we are finally convinced that several applications that excel in virtual learning have been recommended by several education and technology experts due to their effectiveness and innovative power to provide best practices to improve student learning or learning outcomes. They added that typical learning in the digital era is the ability to choose and use several digital applications that have advantages in transforming learning in the 21st-century era. We are sure that the result and new evidence of this project would be used as input to develop similar studies in the future.

As an archipelago, Indonesia consists of 17.507 islands.

Teacher job motivation is one of the factors that influence school effectiveness. The success of a school can be seen in the achievement of outstanding results and the absence of disciplinary difficulties. As a result, this research was carried out with the aim of identifying the dimensions that affect teachers’ job motivation and school effectiveness in Pasir Mas District Excellence Cluster Primary School, Kelantan. A cross-sectional sampling approach was used in this report, with a questionnaire distributed to 146 teachers from four primary schools in the Pasir Mas district. The data were analyzed using SEM-PLS indicate that the motivational dimensions and intrinsic dimensions for teacher job motivation independent variables are predictors of school effectiveness contingent variables in Pasir Mas District Excellence Cluster Primary School. The study’s implications show that teacher job motivation is significant in attempts to increase school effectiveness. Teachers now play an important part in education by improving the effectiveness of teaching and learning in classrooms. This is seen as very important to maximize student achievement as well as increase the effectiveness of the school because excellent and high -performing students are the result of an effective institution.

Wage Minimum always gives disparity in political power and lawmaker since it is tough to describe how to determine individual wages. For this reason, the wage minimum is a dilemma for workers and employers. Fairness conception for wage minimum is a solution to this problem. The fairness conception will guide the wage minimum to the supreme law. Although there are so many regulations concerning wage minimum, there are still many problems that arise, including break the law of wage minimum. The rules must consider the balance of interest between workers and employers to reduce disobedience of minimum wage.